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Western Civilization
Mr. Mike Lecture 10
Western Civilization
Charles Darwin & Evolution Impact of Darwinism Colonialism Art: Impressionism & Post-Impressionism
Western Civilization
Charles Darwin English Naturalist Natural explanation of
the origins and decent of biological species
5-year Voyage on HMS Beagle studying/collecting species specimens
Western Civilization
Darwin's Theory All species of life
have descended over time from common ancestry
Transmutation of species – The Process by which one species changes into another species
Western Civilization
Darwin's Theory
Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest:
Organisms with traits which are better adapted for immediate, local environment survive to pass the trait on.
Western Civilization
Darwin's Theory
Sexual Selection Female choice of
suitable males which impacts what traits get passed on to offspring from the male.
Western Civilization
Darwin's Theory
God Believed in God as the
ultimate natural law giver. “I have never been an
atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind.”
Western Civilization
The Enlightenment & Darwinism Enlightenment concept of “progress” Speculated that societies progressed
through stages of increasing development – Western logic and science as seen as evidence of more developed cultures
Societies begin as primitive then progress toward industrialized Europe
Darwin's theory was seen as “scientific evidence” of progress
Western Civilization
Implications of Darwinism
Wider Gap between Religion and Science Origins of man and other
species now had a theory that did not need religion
Rise in Scientific Atheism
Western Civilization
Implications of Darwinism
Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer drew parallels between
his own economic theories and Darwin's biological ones
Developed a model that applied the law of the survival of the fittest to society
Humanitarian impulses had to be resisted as nothing should be allowed to interfere with nature's laws.
Western CivilizationImplications of Darwinism
Social Darwinism & Eugenics Advocates practices to improve
the human gene pool.
Used in Western countries to support racist immigration laws and laws against inter-racial marriage.
In severe cases used to advocate genocide.
Advocated the killing of old people because they are no longer productive
Western Civilization
Implications of Darwinism
Social Darwinism & Industry Laissez-faire – French: means “let
do,” but it broadly implies “let it be,” or “leave it alone.”
Argued against regulations of any industries
Social Darwinists supported Laissez-faire politics as a form of economic “natural selection”
Western Civilization
Implications of Darwinism
Social Darwinism & Racism Ethnic races were
categorized into higher and lower
Led to ideas of racial supremacy
Used as a justification for slavery
Western Civilization
Social Implications of Darwinism
Social Darwinism & Politics Imperialism - an unequal economic,
cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination
Social Darwinists supported imperialism as an example of cultural evolution
Western Civilization
Social Implications of Darwinism
Social Darwinism & Politics Fascism
Purge forces, ideas, and systems deemed to be the cause of decadence and degeneration
Promote violence and war as actions that create national regeneration
Conflict as a fact of life that is responsible for all human progress.
Western Civilization
Social Implications of Darwinism
Social Darwinism & Politics NazismNazism – A form of fascism that – A form of fascism that
incorporated biological racism and incorporated biological racism and antisemitism (against Jews)antisemitism (against Jews)
Believed in the supremacy of an Aryan Believed in the supremacy of an Aryan Master Race (Germans)Master Race (Germans)
Western Civilization
Colonialism
A period of history from the late 15th to the 20th century when European nation states established colonies on other continents
Western Civilization
Colonialism
Maintained an imperialist ideology World is divided
between civilized and uncivilized
Colonial Imperialists believed themselves to be agents of civilization
Western Civilization
Colonialism
The White Man's Burden
Belief that white people have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the “cultural development” of people from other ethnic backgrounds until they fully adopt Western “civilized” culture
Western CivilizationColonialism
The White Man's Burden
By Rudyard Kipling 1899
Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.
Western Civilization
Colonialism Began in the Age of
Exploration Portugal and Spain
discovered new lands and set up trading posts
Trading posts became colonies under Portuguese and Spanish rule
Western CivilizationColonialism
The British Empire Settlements established
by Royal trading companies
1607 First Permanent Settlement in the Americas by the Virginia Company – Names Jamestown after King James I
Western CivilizationColonialism
The British Empire 1670 - King Charles II
granted the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in a vast stretch of territory that would later make up a large proportion of Canada.
Western CivilizationColonialism
The British Empire 1672 - the Royal
African Company established a supply of slaves to British colonies of the Caribbean
Western CivilizationColonialism
The British Empire The Slave Trade became
an important part of the colonial economic system in the British Empire, especially in the American colonies
3.5 million African slaves were brought to the Americas
Western CivilizationColonialism
The British Empire 1639 – British East India
Company established a trading fort in Madras, India.
Trading started with spices then eventually turned to textiles after a long dispute and war with the Netherlands.
Western CivilizationColonialism
The British Empire 1757 – At the Battle of Plassey
the British defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies
British controlled Bengal and as the major military and political power in India.
It gradually increased control by force through the British Indian Army across India.
British India eventually grew into the Empire's most valuable possession, "the Jewel in the Crown"
Western CivilizationColonialism
The British Empire The East India Company
helped to expand the British Empire in Asia.
The Company's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy
Together they took control of Egypt (1799), Java (1811), Singapore (1819) and Burma (1826).
Western Civilization
“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”
Western CivilizationColonialism
Impact of British Colonialism English as a Global Language
– About 1.8 Billion people speak English today
The USA Industrial Revolution Spread
through the British Empire Africa ravaged by Slave trade
– Many believe that the poverty in Africa today is a result of the Slave Trade
Western CivilizationColonialism
French Colonial Empire Second Largest Colonial
Empire behind the British 1605 – Founded of Port Royal
in the colony of Acadia in North America (now Nova Scotia, Canada)
1608 – Samuel De Champlain founded Quebec which became the capital of the enormous fur-trading colony of New France
Western CivilizationColonialism
French Colonial Empire 1664 – the colony of Saint-
Domingue (Haiti) was founded on the western half of the Spanish island of Hispaniola. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue grew to be the richest sugar colony in the Caribbean.
Western CivilizationColonialism
French Colonial Empire 1624 – Establish trading posts
along the coast of West Africa 1664 – French East India
Company was established to compete for trade in the east
1887 – Formed French Indochina which included: Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos
Colonies and Trade Posts were established across North and West Africa
Western Civilization
Western CivilizationColonialism
Reasons for Colonialism Economic Trade Spread “Civilization” Extreme National Identities Competition between Trading
Companies and European powers
Religious motivation to “Christianize” the world
Western Civilization
The Colonial World in 1914
Western CivilizationImpressionism Impressionism visible brush strokes open composition common, ordinary
subject matter abstraction perception and
experience not reality unusual visual angles Movement of light
Western CivilizationImpressionism Impressionism
Claude Monet The term Impressionism
is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise
Painted his “impressions” of subjects
Several Paintings of his wife Camille
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Impression, Sunrise 1872 Impression, Sunrise 1872
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt (1868) On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt (1868)
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Lunch on the Grass (1865) Lunch on the Grass (1865)
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Woman with a Parasol (1875) Woman with a Parasol (1875)
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Vétheuil in the Fog, 1879Vétheuil in the Fog, 1879
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Camille Monet on her deathbed, 1879Camille Monet on her deathbed, 1879
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Charing Cross Bridge, 1899Charing Cross Bridge, 1899
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Rouen Cathedral, Façade (sunset), 1892–1894Rouen Cathedral, Façade (sunset), 1892–1894
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies, 1899Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies, 1899
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet Poplars on the Epte, 1900Poplars on the Epte, 1900
Western Civilization
Claude Monet Claude Monet The Rose-Way in Giverny, 1920–1922The Rose-Way in Giverny, 1920–1922
Western CivilizationImpressionism Impressionism
Edgar Degas depiction of human
isolation
Western Civilization
Edgar Degas Edgar Degas A Cotton Office in New Orleans, 1873A Cotton Office in New Orleans, 1873
Western Civilization
Edgar Degas Edgar Degas L'Absinthe, 1876L'Absinthe, 1876
Western Civilization
Edgar Degas Edgar Degas The Amateur, 1866The Amateur, 1866
Western Civilization
Edgar Degas Edgar Degas Édouard Manet and Mme. Manet, 1868–1869Édouard Manet and Mme. Manet, 1868–1869
Western CivilizationPost-Impressionism Post-Impressionism Extended
Impressionism while rejecting its limitations
Thick application of paint
Vivid Colors Unnatural Colors Distorted forms for
Expressive Effects
Western CivilizationPost-Impressionism Post-Impressionism
Paul Cézanne Transitional Painter New Directions in the
use of Color, Design, Composition, and Tone
Combined realism and abstration
Western Civilization
Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne The Bathers 1898–1905The Bathers 1898–1905
Western Civilization
Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne Jas de Bouffan, 1885–1887Jas de Bouffan, 1885–1887
Western Civilization
Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne Pyramid of Skulls 1901Pyramid of Skulls 1901
Western CivilizationPost-Impressionism Post-Impressionism
Paul Gauguin Symbolist – Subject and
items in painting were often metaphors
Interest in “Primitive” Cultures
Western Civilization
Paul GauguinPaul GauguinWhere Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
Western Civilization
Paul GauguinPaul GauguinTe aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), 1892Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), 1892
Western Civilization
Paul GauguinPaul GauguinSpirit of the Dead Watching 1892Spirit of the Dead Watching 1892
Western Civilization
Paul GauguinPaul GauguinVision After the Sermon (Jacob wrestling with the angel), (1888)Vision After the Sermon (Jacob wrestling with the angel), (1888)
Western Civilization
Paul GauguinPaul GauguinSelf-portrait, 1889Self-portrait, 1889
Western CivilizationPost-Impressionism Post-Impressionism
Vincent van Gogh Dutch Painter Very thick application of
paint Vivid Colors Movement of Light
Western Civilization
Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghThe Potato Eaters, 1885The Potato Eaters, 1885
Western Civilization
Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghBedroom in Arles, 1888Bedroom in Arles, 1888
Western Civilization
Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghThe Night Café, 1888The Night Café, 1888
Western Civilization
Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghThe Starry Night, June 1889The Starry Night, June 1889
Western Civilization
Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghThe Church at Auvers, 1890The Church at Auvers, 1890
Western Civilization
Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghIrises, 1889Irises, 1889