NETWORKING

Cables

Coaxial cables Twisted pair cables

• Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Cable OHMS meters Mbps

Thin 50 185 10

Thick 100 500 10

Network concepts

Geographical Topologies Architectures

Geo

grap

hica

lLAN(Local)

WAN(Wide)

MAN(Metro)

CAN(Campus)

TAN(Tiny)

HAN(Home)

PAN(Personal)

SAN(Storage)

Topo

logi

esMeshBusRing

HybridTreeStar

Arch

itect

ures

Workgroup(peer to peer)

Domain(Client/Server)

Hub

• Data is sent to all the machines in the network at the same time(broadcasting).

• This generates more traffic. So the communication is much slower.

• Destination is data is detected by the computers by machine IP and the MAC address.

• Data communication is half duplex.• To connect a hub to another hub you must use a hub

with a uplink port.

Switch

• Data is sent only to the requested destinations (forwarding).

• This reduces traffic so communication is much faster.

• Data communication is full duplex(can receive and send at the same time).

• Destination of data is decided by the switch itself by keeping all MAC addresses in its temporary memory.

• Can connect any numbers of switches without using a special port or device.

WORKGROUP ( PEER TO PEER )

• No server to control the network.• Less security, restrictions and control.• No centralized user management or

administrator.• Administrator must visit each to perform any

configurations or management tasks.

DOMAIN ( CLIENT / SERVER )

• The domain controller control the network.• More security, restrictions and control.• A centralized user management and

administrator.• The administrator performs all the tasks

through the domain control.

IP addresses

VersionsIP version 4 (IPV4)

IP version 6 (IPV6)

RangersPrivet

Public

ClassesClass A

Class B

Class C

Class D

Class E

TypesDynamic IP

Static IP

IPV4

• E.g.: 192.168.10.100

Octal(8 bit)

8 bit * 4 = 32 bit IPV4

IPV4• E.g.: Fe80.0000.0000.1234.0000.0000.0000.abde

Hexa decimal(16 bit)

16 bit * 8 = 128 bit IPV

Versions

Classes

Class A• Full range

• Privet range(Only for LAN)

• Subnet mask

Start – 1 . 0 . 0 . 1End – 126 . 255 . 255 . 254

Start – 10 . 0 . 0 . 1End – 10 . 255 . 255 . 254

255 . 0 . 0 . 0

Network ID Client/Host ID

Class B• Full range

• Privet range(Only for LAN)

• Subnet mask

Start – 128 . 0 . 0 . 1End – 191 . 255 . 255 . 254

Start – 172 . 16 . 0 . 1End – 172 . 31 . 255 . 254

255 . 255 . 0 . 0

Network ID Client/Host ID

Class C• Full range

• Privet range(Only for LAN)

• Subnet mask

Start – 192 . 0 . 0 . 1End – 223 . 255 . 255 . 254

Start – 192 . 168 . 0 . 1End – 192 . 168. 255 . 254

255 . 255 . 255 . 0

Network ID Client/Host ID

Class D

• Used for Multicasting services and applications.

Start – 224 . 0 . 0 . 0End – 239 . 253 . 255 . 255

Class E

• Used for Experimental and research purposes.

Start – 240 . 0 . 0 . 0End – 255 . 255 . 255 . 255

Loop back address

• Not a IP, only used for self identifications and diagnostic purposes only.

IP Rangers

Privet

• Addresses which are reserved for local area networks/ Intranets.

• These addresses freely assigned for our privet networks.

Public

• Addresses which are reserved for Wide area networks/ Internet. You must buy this addresses from Internet Service Providers(ISP) or from any internet authority.

IP Types

Dynamic IPs• Addresses which are

automatically assign by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) service. These addresses are randomly assigned and they changed frequently.

Static IPs• Addresses which are

manually assigned in the properties of TCP/IP protocol by the administrator. These addresses will not changed unless we changed them.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Service 2008 ( DHCP )

• DHCP allows to automatically assign IP addresses, subnet masks and other configuration information to client computers on the local network.

Domain Name System ( DNS )

• DNS is a system for naming computers and network services that maps those names to network addresses and organizes them into a hierarchy of domains.

DNS Namespace

root

.org

.com

Microsoft.com

Contoso.com

Corp.consoto.com

Hq.consoto.com.edu

.net

.lk

www.microsoft.comTop Level Domain (TLD)

.com Commercial entities such as corporations.

.edu Educational purposes such as colleges and public and privet schools.

.gov Government entities such as federal, state and local government.

.net Organizations that provide internet service providers(ISPs).

.org Privet nonprofit organizations.

Microsoft Management Console ( MMC )

• MMC is a platform used for running administrative tools in a windows OS.

• Start Run MMC

Group Policy

• Group policies are used to implement certain restrictions on client machines.

• Start Administrative tools

Group Policy Management

Group Accounts

Types

• Security groups• Distribution groups

Scopes

• Domain local• Global• Universal

Internet Information Service ( IIS )

• IIS is the Microsoft web server use for hosting web sites, virtual directories and FTP sites.

Windows Deployment Service (WDS)

• WDS is a service use for installing the operation system through the network to many computers at the same time.

Microsoft Domain EnvironmentPrimary Domain Controller

Copy of the Active Directory database

Main Active Directory database

PC3PC2 PC1

Clients

Must contain a Server OS(2000,2003,2008)

Must be a member of a domain(a client) with a server OS

Any network OS (2000, xp, 7 , 8)Additional domain controller (backup/child domain)

PDC

ADC ADC

IP settingsDomain controller IP settings

Client IP settings

IP 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.1

Subnet 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Preferred DNS 127.0.0.1 ( loop back ) 192.168.1.200 ( DNS server IP )