STAGES OF SKILL LEARNING STAGES OF SKILL LEARNING & FACTORS AFFECTING & FACTORS AFFECTING

SKILL LEARNINGSKILL LEARNING

Stage 1 PEStage 1 PE

Key ContentKey Content• Stages of learningStages of learning

– Cognitive (understanding)Cognitive (understanding)– Associative (practice)Associative (practice)– Autonomous (automatic)Autonomous (automatic)

• Factors affecting skill learningFactors affecting skill learning– Physical maturationPhysical maturation– Physiological characteristicsPhysiological characteristics– Psychological characteristicsPsychological characteristics– Stage of learningStage of learning– FeedbackFeedback– Experience / MemoryExperience / Memory– Amount and type of practiceAmount and type of practice– Perceptual and motor abilityPerceptual and motor ability

Stages of Skill LearningStages of Skill Learning• Terminology: Terminology: skill learning = skill skill learning = skill

acquisitionacquisition• As we progress from a beginner to a As we progress from a beginner to a

skilled performer we must pass skilled performer we must pass through different stages of learningthrough different stages of learning– Cognitive (understanding)Cognitive (understanding)– Associative (practice)Associative (practice)– Autonomous (automatic)Autonomous (automatic)

Cognitive StageCognitive Stage• Involves the novice performer: Involves the novice performer:

generally makes large errors & generally makes large errors & produce highly variable results.produce highly variable results.

• They are aware that they are making They are aware that they are making errors but they cannot isolate the errors but they cannot isolate the specific problems= feedback and specific problems= feedback and instruction are required to help them instruction are required to help them make appropriate changes.make appropriate changes.

• However, the coach needs to provide However, the coach needs to provide only a limited amount of feedback to only a limited amount of feedback to prevent information overload and prevent information overload and confusion.confusion.

Cognitive Stage & CoachingCognitive Stage & Coaching• Make some notes from table in work Make some notes from table in work

booklet on how the coach or teacher booklet on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stagecan help a learner at this stage1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.

Associative StageAssociative Stage• Also known as the PRACTICE Also known as the PRACTICE

stagestage• Still make errors, but they are Still make errors, but they are

usually smaller and less frequentusually smaller and less frequent• Refining skill, not learning new Refining skill, not learning new

movementsmovements• Can use own feedback to make Can use own feedback to make

changeschanges• Gradual improvementGradual improvement

Associative Stage & Associative Stage & CoachingCoaching• Make some notes from table in work Make some notes from table in work

booklet on how the coach or teacher booklet on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stagecan help a learner at this stage1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.

Autonomous StageAutonomous Stage• Stage revolves around executing a skill Stage revolves around executing a skill

automaticallyautomatically without having to stop without having to stop and think about what to do next or how and think about what to do next or how to do it.to do it.

• DonDon’’t need to think about the steps t need to think about the steps involved in producing the movementinvolved in producing the movement

• Can analyse cues from the environmentCan analyse cues from the environment• Can detect and correct his/her own Can detect and correct his/her own

performanceperformance• Focus on tactics and strategiesFocus on tactics and strategies• Once in this stage, usually remain-riding Once in this stage, usually remain-riding

a bike!a bike!

Autonomous Stage & Autonomous Stage & CoachingCoaching• Make some notes from table in work Make some notes from table in work

booklet on how the coach or teacher booklet on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stagecan help a learner at this stage1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.

QuestionsQuestions1.1. Compare your skills in two sports (one Compare your skills in two sports (one

where you are a beginner and one where where you are a beginner and one where you feel your skills are more advanced). you feel your skills are more advanced). Which stage of learning do you think you Which stage of learning do you think you are in for each sport?are in for each sport?

2.2. Describe and give an example to reflect on Describe and give an example to reflect on why you think you are in this particular why you think you are in this particular stage of learning of skills in each sportstage of learning of skills in each sport

3.3. How much practice and what type of How much practice and what type of instruction have you had in each sport?instruction have you had in each sport?

4.4. How has this affected your level of skill in How has this affected your level of skill in each sport?each sport?

Factors Affecting Skill Factors Affecting Skill LearningLearning• Acquiring skills is a different experience Acquiring skills is a different experience

for each individualfor each individual– We know we all learn differentlyWe know we all learn differently

• Factors affecting skill learningFactors affecting skill learning– Physical maturationPhysical maturation– Physiological characteristicsPhysiological characteristics– Psychological characteristicsPsychological characteristics– Stage of learningStage of learning– FeedbackFeedback– Experience / MemoryExperience / Memory– Amount and type of practiceAmount and type of practice– Perceptual and motor abilityPerceptual and motor ability

Physical MaturationPhysical Maturation• Starting from when we are born our Starting from when we are born our

bodies developbodies develop• As children grow and develop, their As children grow and develop, their

bodies are capable of more co-bodies are capable of more co-ordinated and refined movement. ordinated and refined movement.

• Performance will therefore improve Performance will therefore improve with the appropriate level of physical with the appropriate level of physical maturity.maturity.– Eg: Crawl, walk, runEg: Crawl, walk, run– Eg: 10 yr old learning shot put vs. 16 yr old Eg: 10 yr old learning shot put vs. 16 yr old

Physiological CharacteristicsPhysiological Characteristics• Body compositionBody composition

– Eg: Greater endurance allows us to Eg: Greater endurance allows us to train and practise for longer, which train and practise for longer, which helps to make practice and skill helps to make practice and skill learning more effectivelearning more effective

– Eg: Being able to complete a full 1hr Eg: Being able to complete a full 1hr netball training session vs. being only netball training session vs. being only capable of completing a 20min capable of completing a 20min sessionsession

– Increased muscular power in the Increased muscular power in the shoulder region will enable the learner shoulder region will enable the learner to practice and perform a jump shot in to practice and perform a jump shot in basketball more efficiently.basketball more efficiently.

Psychological CharacteristicsPsychological Characteristics

• What subjects do you What subjects do you learn best in?learn best in?– Why?Why?

• MotivationMotivation• AttentionAttention

– Younger children Younger children have a shorter have a shorter attention span than attention span than older childrenolder children

• PersonalityPersonality• AttitudeAttitude• Memory capabilitiesMemory capabilities

Stage of LearningStage of Learning• Whether you are in the cognitive, associative or Whether you are in the cognitive, associative or

autonomous stage will impact on skill autonomous stage will impact on skill acquisitionacquisition– Will someone in the cognitive stage or autonomous Will someone in the cognitive stage or autonomous

stage of throwing be able to stage of throwing be able to learn how to throw with their learn how to throw with their opposite arm?opposite arm?

– Why?Why?

FeedbackFeedback• Providing information about the Providing information about the

performance (feedback) is crucial for:performance (feedback) is crucial for:– Learning and improvement to take placeLearning and improvement to take place

• Should provide information on:Should provide information on:– Judgement errorsJudgement errors– Technical errorsTechnical errors– Possible solutionsPossible solutions– Positive aspectsPositive aspects

FeedbackFeedback• Two types of feedback:Two types of feedback: Knowledge of ResultsKnowledge of Results: :

– Information about the outcome of the performance Information about the outcome of the performance – Eg: The ball went through the goal postEg: The ball went through the goal postKnowledge of PerformanceKnowledge of Performance:: Information about the characteristics of the Information about the characteristics of the

performance performance • Eg: You didnEg: You didn’’t bend your knees enough, therefore the t bend your knees enough, therefore the

volley went into the netvolley went into the net

Experience / MemoryExperience / Memory• Being able to recall past experiences and Being able to recall past experiences and

techniques is important in learning new techniques is important in learning new and more complex skillsand more complex skills

• This way you donThis way you don’’t have to completely t have to completely learn new motor programslearn new motor programs– Eg: Being able to hit a serve in tennis can be Eg: Being able to hit a serve in tennis can be

transferred across to an overhead in transferred across to an overhead in badmintonbadminton

– Modifications are obviously requiredModifications are obviously required

Amount and Type of Amount and Type of PracticePractice• Physical and mental practice is vital in skill learningPhysical and mental practice is vital in skill learning• Practice provides an improved understanding of Practice provides an improved understanding of

the skill, as well as improving performancethe skill, as well as improving performance

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM5u5aQLps0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM5u5aQLps0

Perceptual & Motor AbilityPerceptual & Motor Ability• Your body constructs a program based on Your body constructs a program based on

information from your sensesinformation from your senses• The ability to interpret or perceive the sensory The ability to interpret or perceive the sensory

information is a key to learning and performing a information is a key to learning and performing a skill successfullyskill successfully

• Anticipation is a form of recognising movement Anticipation is a form of recognising movement patterns of team mates and opponentspatterns of team mates and opponents– Gary Ablett Jr - exceptional perceptual abilityGary Ablett Jr - exceptional perceptual ability

• Having a good general motor ability will allow you Having a good general motor ability will allow you to acquire skills more easilyto acquire skills more easily– Think of that person who is a Think of that person who is a ‘‘naturalnatural’’