Automated Traffic Density Detection and Speed Monitoring

AUTOMATED TRAFFIC DENSITY DETECTION AND SPEED MONITORING

Team No. 6BHARAT ARUN BIYANI

ARUN SHIVARAM PASUPATHY

NAVYA ARUNSELVAN

SOWMYA RAVICHANDRAN

Problem

Traffic Congestion is an ever-growing problem and it causes people to lose their valuable time.

Right traffic information at the right time can help in avoiding traffic congestions.

Existing navigation systems takes the traffic density data of the urban areas alone.

The traffic data from the highways are mostly not taken into consideration.

Solution

The proposed system uses radar at every fixed distance to calculate the number of vehicles and the speed at which each vehicle is travelling along with the timestamp to find the density.

The results are passed to a central processing unit via satellite link where the real time data is processed.

The data is then used to calculate the approximate wait time at traffic dense areas by comparing it with the present and the previous data from the remote radar sites.

Solution cont..,

Satellite links are again used to communicate this wait time back to the desired locations (a few miles before the traffic dense areas) where they can be digitally displayed to the road users.

This data can be used by the Department of Transportation to control the traffic signals and thereby ease the flow of traffic.

Memory UnitProcessing

Unit

Satellite Uplink Satellite Downlink

Radar Transceiver

LEO Satellite

Satellite Rx AntennaSatellite Tx Antenna

Satellite Receiver Module

Satellite Transmitter

Module

ON Field System Remote Base Station

Top Level System Diagram

Parameters Specifications

Type of Radar Pulsed Radar

Antenna Horn Antenna

Centre Frequency

34.7 GHz

Bandwidth 200 MHz

Antenna Gain 20 dBi

Transmit Power 32.65 dBm

Receiver Sensitivity

-70 dBm

Radar Range 67 m

Top Level SpecificationsRADAR

Parameters Specifications

Modulation BPSK

Antenna type Parabolic

Centre Frequency 7.3 GHz

Power Transmitted 30 dBm

Bandwidth 200MHz

Transmitting antenna gain

25 dBi

Receiver antenna gain

30.7 dBi

Receiver sensitivity -90 dBm

Range (LEO) 1700 km

SATELLITE

RADAR TRANSMITTER

AMPLIFIER

LPF BPF

HORNANTENNA

BPF

Radar Transceiver Module

LO

MIXER

MIXER

CIRCULATOR

LNA

SIGNAL PROCESSING

WAVEFORM GENERATOR POWER

AMPLIFIER

BPF

TX System Diagram

Cascaded Gain

Cascaded Node Power

Yield Analysis

Cascaded Gain

Cascaded Node Power

Hand calculation

Doppler ShiftVelocity of the vehicle: Vr : 100mph(44.4m/s)Frequency of operation: f : 34.7 GhzWavelength: λ : c/f = 3 x 108/34.7 Ghz = 8.65mmDoppler shift frequency : Fd : 10.27 Khz

Fd = 2Vr/ λ

Receiver Input PowerTx Power, Pt = 32.65 dBmT/R Antenna Gain,Gt = 20 dBWavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x

108/34.7 Ghz = 8.65mm

RCS(σ) =3 m2 (car)Nominal Range, R = 13.5 mRx power, Pr = -13.04 dBm

Maximum RangeTx Power, Pt = 32.65 dBm

T/R Antenna Gain,Gt = 20 dBWavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/34.7

Ghz

= 8.65mmRx senstivity, Pr = -70 dBmRCS(σ) =3 m2 (car)Max Range , Rmax = 67.36 m

Power Added Efficiency (PAE)Input Power , Pin = 7.051 dBm = 5.07 mW

Output Power, Pout = 32.65 dBm = 1841 mW

DC Power, PDC = 12 V * 1200 mA

= 14400 mWPAE (%) = ηPA = 12.75 %

COMPONENTS

Waveform Generator

Parameter Specification

Manufacturer Mini Circuits

Model Number ROS- 4415-119+

Frequency Range 4.214- 4.415 GHz

Output Power 5dBm

Supply Voltage(Vdd) 5V

Supply Current 40 mA

Operating Temperature Range -55o C to +85o C

Low Pass Filter


Manufacturer Mini-Circuits

Model Number LFCN-5000+

Loss 0.6 dB

Corner Frequency (fco) 5.58GHz

Max. RF Input Power 9 W

Mixer


Manufacturer Hittite Microwave

Model Number HMC - 560

Frequency Range 24 - 40 GHz

Conversion Loss 8 dB

LO to RF 35 dB

LO to IF 32 dB

RF to IF 22 dB

Output 1dB Compression Point 5 dBm

Local Oscillator


Manufacturer MITEQ

Model Number PLDRO40000

Frequency Range 26.8 to 40GHz

Output Power 10dBm



Operating Temperature Range -20 to +70°C

Band Pass Filter


Manufacturer MARKI microwave

Model Number FB-3270

Loss 3 dB

Frequency Range 28.75-36.65GHz

Power Amplifier


Manufacturer Microsemi

Model Number L3337-38

Gain 40 dB


Frequency Range 33 to 37 GHz

DC Voltage 12 V

Current 12A

Radar Antenna


Manufacturer Advanced Technical Materials Inc.

Model Number 28-442-6

Type Horn Antenna

Frequency 26.5 - 40.0 GHz

Nominal Gain 20 dB

SATELLITE RECEIVER

LPF BPF

DATA IN

BPF

ANTENNA

ANTENNADATA OUT

TRANSMITTER MODULE

RECEIVER MODULE

Satellite Block Diagram

MIXER

MIXER

LO

POWER AMPLIFIER

LNAAMPLIFIER

MODULATOR

DEMODULATORBPF

LO

Satellite Receiver

Cascaded Gain

Cascaded Noise Figure

Cascaded IP3

Yield analysis

Cascaded Gain


Cascaded IP3

Hand Calculations

Nominal Receiver Input Power

Tx Power, Pt = 31.21 dBmTx Antenna Gain,Gt = 25 dBRx Antenna Gain,Gr = 30.7 dBWavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/7.3

= 0.041mRange (LEO) = 1700 kmRx power, Pr = -87.43 dBm

Maximum RangeTx Power, Pt = 31.21 dBmTx Antenna Gain,Gt = 25 dBRx Antenna Gain,Gr = 30.7 dBWavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/7.3

= 0.041mRx senstivity, Pr = -90 dBmMax Range , Rmax = 2286 km

Power Added Efficiency (PAE)Input Power , Pin = -8.57 dBm Output Power, Pout = 31.21 dBm DC Power, PDC = 15 V * 1700 mA PAE (%) = ηPA = 5.18 %

COMPONENTS

Low Noise Amplifier


Manufacturer Avago Technologies

Model Number VMMK-3803

Gain 20 dB

Noise Figure 1.5 dB

P1DB 7dBm

Frequency Range 3-11 GHz

DC bias 3-5 V

Band Pass Filter


Manufacturer SANGSHIN

Model Number BPF100MS16A

Insertion Loss 2.5 dB

Frequency Range 92-108 MHz

Mixer


Manufacturer Marki Microwave

Model Number M1-0408

Conversion Loss 5.5 dB

LO to RF Isolation 35 dBm

LO to IF Isolation 25 dBm

RF to IF Isolation 25 dBm

P1dB(output) -3.5 dBm

Frequency Range 4 -8 GHz

Local Oscillator


Manufacturer rfmd

Model Number RFVC1829

Frequency Range 6.8 to 7.4 GHz

Output Power 12dBm




Band Pass Filter


Manufacturer Minicircuits

Model Number BFCN-7350+

Insertion loss 1.8 dB

Frequency Range 7.15 -7.55 GHz

Amplifier



Model Number MAV-11BSM+

Gain 12.7 dB

Noise Figure 4.4 dB

P1dB 18 dB

Frequency Range 0.05 to 1 GHz

Antenna


Manufacturer Radio waves

Model no. SP2-7

Type Standard Parabolic

Frequency Range 7.125-7.75 GHz

Gain 30.7 dBi

Dimension 2 cm

Compliance Matrix- RADAR

PARAMETER PROPOSED VALUE

MODIFIED VALUE

NOMINAL ANALYSIS

COMPLIANT

OPERATING FREQUENCY(GH

z)

34.7 GHz - 34.7 GHz Y

OUTPUT POWER(dBm)

30 dBm - 32.65 dBm Y

ANTENNA GAIN 20 dB - 20 dB Y

MAX. RANGE(MDS = -70

dBm)

13.5 m - 67.36 m Y

RECEIVER NOISE FIGURE

10 dB - 2.9 dB Y

RECEIVED POWER

(for 13.5 m)

-70 dBm - -13.04 dBm

Y

Satellite Compliance MatrixPARAMETER PROPOSED

VALUEMODIFIED

VALUENOMINAL ANALYSIS

COMPLIANT

OPERATING FREQUENCY(GHz)

7 GHz 7.3 GHz 7.3 GHz Marginal

OUTPUT POWER(dBm)

30dBm - 31.21 dBm Y

TX ANTENNA GAIN 25 dB - 25 dB Y

RX ANTENNA GAIN 29 dB - 30.7 dB N

MAX. RANGE (MDS = -90 dBm)

1700 km - 2286 km Y

RECEIVER NOISE FIGURE

10 dB - 2.9 dB Y

RECEIVED POWER(LEO RANGE =

1700 km)

-90 dBm - -87.43 dBm Y

Performance IssuesAttenuation of transmitted and received power in both

RADAR and SATELLITE systems varies with climatic conditions like rain, dust, smoke, etc.

Since a single radar transceiver is used for a one way road which may have 3 or 4 lanes, the speed observed with all the lanes put together to predict pace of traffic movement. This may reduce the accuracy of speed detection as speed of a particular lane is different from the others. Above problem can be solved by using different RADAR transceivers for each lane.

We used fixed RCS, = 3 m2for all the vehicle but in practical scenarios different vehicles have different RCS.

Trade Offs

There is a trade off between power and performance while selecting radar frequency. As frequency increases (in our case it is Ka-band frequency) it becomes easy to detect the Doppler shift from the target which increases the performance of the system but high frequencies also get attenuated easily.

There is a trade off between Beam width and Gain. As the same radar is used to transmit and receive EM waves to and from the entire traffic, generally high beam width (Low directivity and hence low gain) antennas are preferred. But to counteract the attenuation due to the high frequency, the gain should be higher.

Power density calculation Safe average Power Density is

10mW/cm2

Tx Power, Pt =32.65 dBmT/R Antenna Gain, Gt =27.65 dBSafe range R > 0.9234 m

Health And Environmental IssuesHealth IssuesWith the given radar specifications, the power density

exposed does not exceed the maximum permissible exposure as defined by the US ANSI/IEEE.

Environmental IssuesThe transmitted power is below the range specified by

EPA.There aren’t any major environmental issues other than the

disposal of satellite after its life time.

Consumer AcceptanceA single base station can be used to control the traffic of

entire city. So there is no extra space needed other than the base station. Radar transceiver modules can be mounted on already existing sign boards and traffic signals, which makes the system spatially effective.

As radar transceiver can be mounted practically anywhere. We can track the traffic density of any areas.

Since the satellite receiver is installed at the central base station, practically there is no additional cost for the end consumer.

Financial Analysis

ads

The cost can be brought down with mass production of

components.

The installation and establishment costs will be high, but they

are generally one-off costs and the maintenance costs will be

less.

Components Estimated Cost

RADAR Unit (at each RADAR site) $300

Satellite Uplink Unit (at each RADAR site) $700

Satellite Downlink Unit (at data center) $500

Top Level ScheduleDevelopment

System Design November 2013

Spec Flow-down and Evaluation December 2013

Module Hardware Design March 2014

Antenna Design and Fabrication May 2014

Module Integration and Testing (Radar link) July 2014

Module Integration and Testing (Satellite link) August 2014

Integrated System Testing October 2014

Production

Complete Bill of Materials November 2014

Mass Production December 2014

Product Release March 2015

Scope for future development

We can automate the system by directly displaying the real time values to GPS module mounted in cars rather than sending it to the data providers. This will directly help the end consumer to plan there travel accordingly

Solar panel can be installed at every radar transceiver post to generate power for its own requirement.

Summary

The proposed system will successfully bring down the traffic congestion without any additional time delay, with less man power, better accuracy and more coverage.

The collected traffic information can be used to estimate the traffic density based on the number of vehicles and the speed at which they are travelling practically of any region within or outside a city.

THANK YOU !!!

Appendix

RADAR RECEIVER

Radar Receiver

Cascaded Gain


Cascaded IP3

Yield Analysis

Cascaded Gain


Cascaded IP3

Low Noise Amplifier


Manufacturer Tri Quint Semiconductor

Model Number TGA4507

Gain 22 dB

Noise Figure 2.3 dB

P1DB 12 dBm


DC bias 3 V

Band Pass Filter



Model Number BFCN-4440+

Insertion Loss 0.91dB

Passband Frequency 4.2- 4.7 GHz

Mixer


Manufacturer Hittite Microwave Corporation

Model Number HMC560

Conversion Loss 8dB

LO to RF Isolation 35 dBm

LO to IF Isolation 32 dBm

RF to IF Isolation 22 dBm

P1dB(output) 5 dBm


IP3 11dBm

Local Oscillator


Manufacturer Miteq

Model Number PLDRO40000

Frequency Range 26.8 to 40 GHz

Output Power 10dBm




Band Pass Filter



Model Number FB-3270

Insertion loss 3dB

Center Frequency 32.7GHz

Passband Frequency 28.75-36.65GHz

Amplifier



Model Number ERA-2SM+

Gain 12.5dB

Noise Figure 3.4 dB

P1dB 11 dBm

Frequency Range 0 .01 to 6 GHz

IP3 25dBm

SATELLITE TRANSIMITTER

Satellite Transmitter

Nominal Analysis - Cascaded Gain

Nominal Analysis – Cascaded Power

Yield analysis

Cascaded Gain

Cascaded Power

Waveform Generator



Model Number ROS-ED10121/2

Frequency Range 100 MHz

Output Power 2 dBm




Low Pass Filter



Model Number SLP-150+

Loss 0.5 dB

Corner Frequency (fco) 140 MHz

Max. RF Input Power 0.5 W

Mixer



Model Number M1-0408

Frequency Range 4 - 8 GHz

Conversion Loss 5.5 dB

LO to RF 35 dB

LO to IF 25 dB

RF to IF 25 dB

Output 1dB Compression Point -3.5 dBm

Local Oscillator


Manufacturer rfmd

Model Number RFVC1829


Output Power 12dBm




Band Pass Filter


Manufacturer TriQuint Semiconductor

Model Number TGB2010-07

Loss 3 dB


Power Amplifier


Manufacturer MITEQ

Model Number AMF-6B-04000800-60-33P

Gain 40 dB


Frequency Range 4 – 8 GHz

DC Voltage 15 V

Current 1700 mA

Antenna


Manufacturer Steatite Q-Par Antennas

Model Number Prime Focus (WBF2-8N Feed with QSR600-228 Reflector)

Frequency 2-8 GHz

Nominal Gain 19-29 dBi

The End

Engineering

Automated Traffic Density Detection and Speed Monitoring