B&B channel partner event ethernet intro - shane duffy

Channel Partner EventGalway, Ireland June 16th/17th 2011


Ethernet Introduction

Shane DuffyProduct Development EngineerProduct Manager


Agenda


• A network is defined as an interconnection of computing devices

• Network types– Personal Area Network (PAN)– Local Area Network (LAN)– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)– Wide Area Network (WAN)

Ethernet IntroductionThe Basics


• Ethernet defines the wiring and signalling standards for the Physical Layer.– Network access at the Media Access

Control(MAC)/Data link Layer– Common addressing format

Transmission MediaCat5e/Cat6 twisted pairsSingle Mode / Multi Mode fibre

Ethernet IntroductionWhat is Ethernet


www.ieee.org

“Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, international non-profit, professional organisation for the advancement of technology related to electricity”

IEE Standards affect a wide range of industries including:Information TechnologyTelecommunicationsBiomedical & HealthcareTransportationPower & Energy

Active portfolio of 1300 standards and projects under development.

•IEEE 802: LAN/MAN group of standards which includes the –IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard–IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking standard

Ethernet IntroductionIEEE Standards – IEEE 802


Ethernet IntroductionCabling

Coaxial cable

Unshielded twisted pair

Fiber optic


Ethernet IntroductionCabling Categories

Category 1 Voice only (Telephone)

Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps

Category 3 Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)

Category 4 Data to 20 Mbps (Token ring)

Category 5Category 5e

Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)Data to 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)

Category 6Category 6a

Data to 2500 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)Data to 10000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)


Ethernet IntroductionCabling – RJ45 Connectors

RJ45 Crimp RJ45 Crimping tool

Note 1 - Pair 1 and 4 are not used for 10Mb or 100Mb but are used for 1Gb and 10Gb Ethernet Note 2 - Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Mid Span uses pair 1 and 4 to deliver 48vdc to power connected devices instead of running separate power to the device. PoE End Span uses the pairs 2 and 3 (Active Pair)


Ethernet IntroductionCabling – Fibre Connectors


AddressingIEEE Standards – IEEE 802

SC ST

LC


AddressingOSI Model


AddressingOSI Model

ApplicationApplication

TransportTransport

NetworkNetwork

LinkLink

OSI ModelOSI Model TCP/IP TCP/IP ProtocolsProtocols

HTTPHTTP SMTPSMTP POP3POP3 FTPFTP ……

TCPTCP UDPUDP

IPIP

ETHERNETETHERNET PPP PPP ……

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface cardNetwork Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. RoutingTransport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hostsApplication Layer : handles the details of the particular application


• Data is sent down the protocol stack• Each layer will at to the packet by prepending headers

ApplicationApplication

TransportTransport

NetworkNetwork

LinkLink

DataData

DataDataTCP/UDPheader

TCP/UDPheader


TCP/UDPheader

IPheader

IPheader


TCP/UDPheader

IPheader

IPheader

FrameheaderFrameheader

FrametrailerFrametrailer

AddressingProtocol Stack

Application Data

TCP segment / UDP packet

IP Datagram

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 4Bytes

64 to 1500 BytesPhysicalPhysicalNetwork Frame


• Layer 2 communication– Computer <-> Computer on same network– Each device has unique MAC address (48 bits)

• 00:0E:BE:12:D4:0E

AddressingLayer 2 Addressing

00 0E BE 12 D4 0E

48 BITS

24 BITS

ORGANIZATIONALLY UNIQUE IDENTIFIER (OUI)

24 BITS

UNIQUE DEVICE ID


• ARP – Address Resolution Protocol– Low level network protocol– Layer 2 OSI Model– Used by Internet Protocol (IP) to map IP network

address to the hardware address used by the data link protocol

AddressingARP


• ARP Request• ARP Reply

• Broadcast ARP– To all machines on LAN FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

• Who has 192.168.0.12?

– Device with 192.168.0.12 will reply• Its me, 00:0E:BE:12:D4:0E

• ARP Cache stores list of mappings

AddressingARP Messaging


AddressingIPv4 Addressing

• 32-bit number in “dotted-quad” notation– www.bb-elec.com --- 174.143.40.161

10101110 10001111 0101000 10100001

Network (16 bits) Host (16 bits)

174 143 40 161

• Problem: 232 addresses is a lot of table entries 4,294,967,296

• Solution: Routing based on network and host

– 174.143.0.0/16 is a 16-bit prefix with 216 IP addresses


AddressingIPv4 Classful subnetting

Network ID Host ID

8 16

Class A

32

0

Class B 10

Class C 110

24

/8 blocks (e.g., MIT has 18.0.0.0/8)

/16 blocks (e.g., Georgia Tech has 130.207.0.0/16)

/24 blocks (e.g., AT&T Labs has 192.20.225.0/24)


AddressingIPv4 Solutions to routing table growth

• Get rid of global addresses– NAT

• Get more addresses– IPv6

• Change route aggregation strategies– Classless Interdomain routing


AddressingIPv4 Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)

IP Address: 209.85.128.5 “Mask”: 255.255.128.0

11010001 01010101 10000000 00000101

11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000

Use two 32-bit numbers to represent a network. Network number = IP address + Mask

Example: Google Prefix: 209.85.128.0/17

Address no longer specifies network ID range.New forwarding trick: Longest Prefix Match


AddressingCIDR aggregation

• Efficiency: Can allocate blocks of prefixes on a finer granularity

• Hierarchy: Prefixes can be aggregated into supernets. (Not always done. Typically not, in fact.)

Customer 1

Customer 2

Colt Telecom Internet

12.20.249.0/24

12.20.231.0/2412.0.0.0/8


• 32bit to 128bit Addressing– IPv4 IPv6

• 4,294,967,296 340,282,366,920,938,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000

• Easy address auto-configuration• Ability to deploy end-to-end IPsec

(NATs no longer needed)

AddressingIPv4 to IPv6


AddressingIPv4 to IPv6

• 128-bit addresses– Top 48-bits: Public Routing Topology (PRT)

• 3 bits for aggregation• 13 bits for TLA (like “tier-1 ISPs”)• 8 reserved bits• 24 bits for NLA

– 16-bit Site Identifier: aggregation within an AS– 64-bit Interface ID: 48-bit Ethernet + 16 more bits

– Pure provider-based addressing• Changing ISPs requires renumbering


AddressingIPv6

IP ServiceIP Service IPv4 SolutionIPv4 Solution IPv6 SolutionIPv6 Solution

Mobile IP with Direct Routing

Mobile IP with Direct Routing

DHCPDHCP

Mobile IPMobile IP

IGMP/PIM/Multicast BGP

IGMP/PIM/Multicast BGP

IP MulticastIP Multicast MLD/PIM/Multicast BGP,Scope IdentifierMLD/PIM/Multicast

BGP,Scope Identifier

MobilityMobility

AutoconfigurationAutoconfigurationServerless,

Reconfiguration, DHCPServerless,

Reconfiguration, DHCP

32-bit, Network Address Translation

32-bit, Network Address Translation

128-bit, MultipleScopes

128-bit, MultipleScopes

Addressing RangeAddressing Range

Quality-of-ServiceQuality-of-Service Differentiated Service, Integrated Service

Differentiated Service, Integrated Service



SecuritySecurity IPSec Mandated, works End-to-EndIPSec Mandated,

works End-to-EndIPSecIPSec


• Where is IPv6 now?– Tick the box excersise for sales

• World IPv6 Day. 8th June 2011 • Comcast• Google• Yahoo• Facebook• Youtube• Akamai• Microsoft Bing• AOL• Cisco• Mastercard• BBC

AddressingIPv6

There were more than 400 participants included some of the biggest destinations on the Internet, CDNs, ISPs, Large content providers.


• DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol– Standard protocol– Defined by RFC 1541 (Superseded by RFC 2131)– Created by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

• Runs over UDP– Port 67 – Connections to Server– Port 68 – Connections to Client– Uses client-server model

ServicesDHCP


• DHCP Server has address pool of available addressess

• Client initiates interaction with DHCPDISCOVER

• Server returns DHCPOFFER• Client confirms with DHCPREQUEST• ACK , NAK, DECLINE, RELEASE

ServicesDHCP


• DHCP gives the device– IP Address and Subnet Mask– Gateway Address– DNS servers– NTP (Time Sync)– ++ More options

ServicesDHCP


• www.bb-elec.com 174.143.40.161

• Provides mapping from ASCII domain names to IP addresses– Hierarchical naming system.– The set of names is divided into mutually exclusive parts.

• Supplies mechanism for global data storage and information retrieval.

• Most important principles:– Distributed system – set of servers sharing information.– Efficiency - most of the requests resolved by local servers.

• Use of Caching.

– Reliability – works even if some of the servers fail.

ServicesDNS


ServicesDNS

root

orgcom gov net

bb-elecibm

www mail


• SD-MacBook-Pro:~ ShaneDuffy$ dig www.bb-elec.com

• ; <<>> DiG 9.6.0-APPLE-P2 <<>> www.bb-elec.com

• ;; QUESTION SECTION:• ;www.bb-elec.com. IN A

• ;; ANSWER SECTION:• www.bb-elec.com. 900 IN A 174.143.40.161

• ;; Query time: 2208 msec• ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1)• ;; WHEN: Thu Jun 16 09:07:46 2011• ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 49

ServicesDNS


• The resolver sends a DNS request message over UDP to a local domain name server.

• DNS caches store data for a short time defined by TTL on the Record.

• When a name server does not have the requested information,it starts at longest match on query name it has when looking for data.

• The root server knows the IP address of each second-level domain name server.

• Every server knows how to reach servers that are authorities for names further down the hierarchy.

• The resolver follows delegations until it receives an answer.

ServicesDNS


• Private Address Space– 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 /24 256– 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 /16 16– 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 /8 1– 127.0.0.0/8

• RFC 1918• Network Address Translation

– Static and Dynamic

• Port Address Translation

ServicesNAT


ServicesNAT

Static NAT is designed to allow one-to-one mapping of local and global addresses.

Dynamic NAT is designed to map a private IP address to a public address.


ServicesNAT

PAT uses unique source port numbers on the inside global IP address to distinguish between translations.


• NAT can be static or dynamic• Uses a set of predefined private addresses• Conserves legal IPv4 addresses• NAT plus PAT often used • PAT uses unique source port numbers on the

inside global IP address to distinguish between translations

• Provides a level of security

ServicesNAT


• Hub• Switch• Router• Bridge • Gateway (Protocols)• Firewalls

Infrastructure DevicesDevice types


• Layer 2 – Physical Topology– Physical– Topology– STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)– VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)

• Layer 3 – Logical Topology– Routing

Redundancy in network designDevice types


• Routing– External

• BGP• IS-IS

– Internal• OSPF• IS-IS• RIP

Wide Area NetworksRouting


• Virtual Private Networks (VPN)– SSL– PPTP– L2TP– IPSec

Wide Area NetworksVirtual Private Networks

LAN LAN

Internet


• ARP• PING• TRACEROUTE• TELNET• NSLOOKUP / DIG• WHOIS• WIRESHARK

Tools & Trouble ShootingTools


• Are hosts online? (ping)• How do you get to hosts? (traceroute)• What are hosts running? (nmap, angryip)• “The network is slow” (Netspeed, iperf)• DHCP and DNS (nslookup/dig)• Packet sniffing (wireshark)

Tools & Trouble ShootingTrouble Shooting


• 3G Router & VPN

ApplicationsRemote CCTV Monitoring

Remote CCTV Monitoring Station

Internet


TrainingWhere Next

To infinity and beyond!

Thank you!


• CompTIA Network+

• Talk to your B&B Electronics contacts we have a wide range of knowledge.

• We can also deliver more training if required.

TrainingFurther Training