WRI INDIA -9th Talking Transit in BangalorePresentation on Future of Electric Bus: e-Bus

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C K Goyal, Associate VP-Road Transport, DIMTS, Delhi

CLEAN FLEET:WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

PM (g/kWh)

0.15

0.10

0.02

2 6 7 84

5Nox (g/kWh)

INDIA(EU I 2000)

EU II(2005)

EU III(2010)EU VI

(2020)

EU V

EU IV(2017)

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EU VI

On road Plug-in emissions

PM & NOx: Hundredfold improvement from EURO I to EURO IV.

BS VI standards will go into effect for all vehicles in these categories manufactured on or after April 1, 2020.

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Next “greening” step:

EURO VI zero emission “ New Energy Buses”

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Euro vehicles standards & emissions

ELECTRIC BUSES:OPTIONS

Electricemission free at point of operation

Hybrid bus

TrolleybusPlug-inHybrids

Battery Buses

(full battery electric)

Diesel auxiliary power unitOil/diesel heater /

range extender with diesel engine

Series and parallel combination with CNG/ Diesel engine

With option of opportunity charging

ELECTRIC BUSES: OPTIONS FOR CHARGING OF VEHICLES

Continuouscharging

• Expensive infrastructure

• Loses flexibility

• Heavy vehicles

• Reducedcapacity

Overnight charging

Inductivecharging

Opportunity charging

Conductive

charging

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• Expensive vehicles• Magnetic

shielding• Expensive

installation• Low energy

transferefficiency

• Expensive infrastructure

• Loses operational flexibility?

WHAT IS THE TOP OBSTACLE TO THE INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC BUSES IN AN EXISTING FLEET FACED BY ?

HIGH UPFRONT COST

E-bus = 2.5 x the price of a conventional bus(battery=50-55% cost)Charging infrastructure cost and installation

Fast charging infrastructureOr…More buses (spare)TCO models

CHALLENGING OPERATION

E-bus performance = conventional bus performance?

A good analysis of the operational needs is keyDefine the right type of E-Bus solution for the

operational needsLosing flexibility & versatility?

PROCUREMENT & CONTRACTS

Functions sharing between stakeholders Project governance including ALL actors

with a clear definition of roles & responsibilities: PTA, PTO, Industry, Grid Owner, Electricity Supplier, etc.

Who pays? At what cost? Who owns rolling stock/infra?

Service/operation provider contract length & extensions

Equipment ownership: what happens at the end of a contract?

Modelling the tender evaluation criteria2

INTEROPERABILITY

Charging infrastructure standardization is key

Slow charging / overnight

Fast charging / opportunity

UITP eBusstandardizatsteering & technical gr

ion

Stan

oups wo

VDVdardization rking group

ZeEUS

Basis for standardisation – www.zeeus.eu

ENERGY SECTOR: BUILDING TRUST & COOPERATION

Different models in different citiesUrban location of charging pointQuality of the electricity distribution networkStability of electricity cost

TECHNICAL EVOLUTION TOWARDS ELECTRIC BUSES

Technical developments have accelerated very fast

Driven by environmental requirements rather than business requirements

Sometimes influenced by national energy policy

Financial and operational impact not always taken into account

Electric Buses IN EUROPE

Total Buses planned: 1200 Buses No of buses delivered till

September-16: 770 Buses Preference for night charging

versus opportunity charging: Ratio-2:1

Top countries in Europe to introduce EVs: UK, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland

Electric Buses in Shenzhen, China New Energy Buses in Shenzhen, China ( 35% of total bus

transport share: 4215 Pure Electric Buses: 2418 ( Standard) + 26 ( Mini) Diesel Hybrid Electric: 1751 Agency: Shenzhen bus group company limited [The company

was founded in 2005 and is based in Shenzhen, China. Shenzhen Bus Group Company Limited operates as a subsidiary of Transport International Holdings Limited]

Charging System:- Battery operated based on single charge at night.

Driving Range-190 Kms/ day ( BO) and 203 Kms/ day ( Hybrid) Consumption of Power: 112KWH/ 100KMs Kms run per percent of battery: 2.01 Input Voltage: 380V-AC Motor: Permanent Magnet Synchromesh Motor-2X90KW Battery Pack-324KWH

External energy supply

On-board energy generation

Energy storage

Battery

Overhead line

Cable & plug

Conductive Inductive

Opportunity charging

Traction electrics

GeneratorFuel cell

Diesel/CNG Engine

Elec

tric

mot

orce

ntra

l or i

nteg

rate

d in

axl

e

ELECTRIC BUS DRIVELINE

BASIC PRINCIPLE

Central motor+ Proven technology+ Lower price–Takes up space in interior– Comparatively

loud

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EVALUATION IN ELECTRIC MOTOR TECHNOLOGY

Mounted in axle+ No interior intrusion+ Quiet+ Commonality in parts and tyres– HV training requiredfor work on axle/tyres

Wheel hub+ Highest efficiency+ Exceptionally quiet–No commonality of parts and tyres– More susceptible

toshock damage

ELECTRIC BUS DRIVELINE

In-Wheel drive axle assemble is low floor rear gear that includes in-wheel drive technology and regenerative braking technology:

ELECTRIC BUS: In-wheel drive axle

In-Wheel Drive Axle Assemble Structure

Drive motor Axle housing

Brake System

Wheel hubGear speed and transmission mechanism

Regenerative braking working principle

THE BATTERY IN THE HEART OF THE CHALLENGES

0

20

40

80

60

100

Puissance massiqueCoût1 KG

DIESEL

Battery PerformanceEnergy Density

50 KG BATTERY

Battery Mass

Useful Charge

Cost

Energy density

Specific Power

SafetyLife

Performance and Price

FEATURES OF BATTERIES AND RELATED FACTORS

Batteries

Price

Performance

Units

• Price/kWh

• kWh/kg

Key Drivers

• Production Volume and economies of scale

• Energy Density• Range

SOME TYPES OF BATTERIESFast charging

Slow charging

NMC (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide):NMC has good overall performance and excels on specific energy. Thisbattery is the preferred candidate for the electric vehicle and has the lowest self-heating rate.

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LTO (Lithium titanate oxide): excels in safety, low- temperature performance and life span. Efforts are being made to improve the specific energy and lower cost.

Li-Iron-Phosphate: Li- phosphate has excellent safety and long life span but moderate specific energy and elevated self-discharge

LMP (Lithium Metal Polymer): are stand out for their high energy density and safety of use. With its limited sensitivity to temperature variation, gives a competitive advantage for applications like level-floored electric buses

E-BUS: HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

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Strongly depends on specification, local conditions, style of driving‘Household’ figures

Without heating/cooling/air-conditioning 12m bus: ~1.3 kWh/km in urban conditions 18m bus: ~2 kWh/km in urban conditions With heating/cooling/air-conditioning12m bus: up to ~2.5 kWh/km in same conditions 18m bus: up to ~3.5 kWh/km in same conditions

Worst case to ensure all-year performance Heating more energy intensive than air-

conditioning

ELECTRIC VEHICLES:ENERGY CONSUMPTION

BATTERY CAPACITY VERSUS RANGE OF OPERATION

RANGE VS. BATTERY LIFE

250 km range requiredx 1.3 kWh/km consumption= 325 kWh battery ???

Depth of discharge (DOD) determines battery degeneration

Strongest effect closest to full/empty battery

Limited DOD reduces range but extends battery life 90% DOD?

25% DOD?

CHARGING STRATEGIESBalancing choices

Number buses / Higher autonomy Number of charging stops / Infrastructure cost

Energy supply/consumption cost Fast/slow charging (battery life) Handling/automatic

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Electric Buses Trial Results in DelhiPure Electric Bus: BYD (K9D) Charging System:- Battery operated

based on single charge at night. Energy Conumption-1.61 units per

Km Motor: Permanent Magnet

Synchromesh Motor-2X90KW Battery Pack-324KWHType:- AC, Low Floor Entry Bus

TYPE OF CHARGING – SUM UP

Type Charging Location

A Plug in At depot

B Pantograph - catenary During operation ¹

C Inductive charging Duringoperation ¹

¹ Often named “Opportunity charging”

CONTACT CHARGING ROOF FINGER TOSA Project – ABB SIDE FINGER WATT Project – PVI PANTOGRAPH SIEMENS & Others INDUCTIVE CHARGING PRIMOVE Project - BOMBARDIER

Electric Buses-Opportunity Charging

OVERNIGHT CHARGING - CONDUCTIVE

PLUG – IN Up to 150 kW Fleet Smart Charging

Dynamic Energy Management Use Active Network Management: highly effective in

connecting large volumes of distributed energy Communication protocol between the vehicle and the

charger

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At the depot

FLASH CHARGING

Trolleybus Optimisation Systeme Alimenation ( TOSA)15 seconds charge ( 600 KW boost)-sufficient to meet requirement of 2 kms; Full charge at terminal in 5 minutes. ( Technology Provider: ABB & SIG-Geneva Power Utility)

SIDE FINGER

CHARGE AT EVERY STOP - 15 s.

SIDE FINGER

INDUCTION POWER TRANSFER

Induction Power Transfer

PRIMOVE PROJECT-BOMBARDIER

Core Demonstrations Observed Demo

Core Demonstration• Barcelona, Bonn, Cagliari, London,

Münster, Plzen, Stockholm• Under discussion: Randstad (NL),

Paris (FR) & Warsaw (PL)~40 electric buses

• 12 meters, articulated, double- deckers

• Plug-in Hybrid, Full-electric, Battery Trolleys

Energy supply modes:• plug-in, conductive, inductive,

overheadFast and slow chargingstrategies

• Overnight(depot)

•Opportunity (terminals, bus-stops)

Observed / Monitored Demos• 60 contacts already!

ZERO EMISSION URBAN BUS SYSTEM PROJECT( ZeEUS)

VEHICLE MANUFACTURES ( e-BUSES)

Electric Buses [Known as New Energy Buses]

Sr. No

Vehicle Manufacturer country Size Remarks

1 Alexander Dennis Ltd UK 12 M Environ 4002 Optare UK 9M/12M3 IRIZAR Spain 12 M / 10 M i2e4 SKODA Czech Republic Battery Electric Buses,

PERUM5 SOLARIS Poland 12 M / 18 M / 24M Solaris Urbino 18 Electric6 VDL Netherlands 12 M / 10 M VDL Citea electric7 VOLVO Swedish 12 M Plug-in-Hybrid Bus,Volvo 7900

8 BOLLORE USA 12 M / 18 M Blue Bus

9 BYD China 10 EBUSCO China 12M 11 HESS Switzerland 12 M / 18 M / 24M 12 HEULIEZ BUS France 12M 13 LINKKER Finland 12 M 14 NEW FLYER Canada 12 M 15 PROTERRA USA 12 M 16 VANHOOL Switzerland 18 M / 24M 16 YUTONG China 12 M

12 m & Double Deck

ALEXANDER DENNIS, UK

12 m

BOLLORE – BLUEBUS, USA

12 m &18 mBYD, China

12 m

EBUSCO, China

12 m, 18 m & 24 m

HESS, Switzerland

HEULIEZ BUS, France12 m

IRIZAR, Spain12 m & 18 m

LINNKER, Finland12 m

12 m

NEW FLYER, Canada

12 m

PROTERRA, USA

12 m , 18 m and 24 m

SOLARIS, Poland

18 m & 24 m

VAN HOOL, Switzerland

12 m & 18 mVDL, Netherlands

12 m

VOLVO, Swedish

12 m

YUTONG, China

The buses are fitted with an electric motor and a battery pack that is quickly charged at the terminus

It takes about 6 minutes tocharge

Fully-charged batteries enable the buses to travel quietly and entirely without fumes using electricity for seven of the route's eight km

Volvo: supplies and is responsible for the buses

Vattenfall: builds and is responsible for the charging stations at the two end stops

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FACTS ABOUT THE DEMO PROJECT IN STOCKHOLM

RATP Going Green – Bus 2025

• RATP is focusing on green technology and has launched “Bus 2025” – high-tech bus programme

• It is targeted to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2025 and has stopped the procurement of diesel buses

• By 2025, RATP will covert the fleet – 80% electric vehicles and 20% renewal gas vehicles

Electric Mini Buses – 16Electric Bluebus (12 m) – 23

Hybrid Buses – 636CNG Buses – 90

(as on August 2016)

WAY FORWARD:SYSTEM APPROACH IS NECESSARY

USERS

PTO

Industry

ResearchSuppliers

PTA

Operational context, costs and technical performances set the characteristics of the system elements

THANK YOU