ERKİN TAŞ

CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

OVERVIEW• Introduction• Structure• Proporties of Structure• Classification of Structure

– According to Material– According to Ground– According to Continuity– According to Purpose of Service– According to Ownership– According to Load-Carrier System– According to Construction Stages– According to Height– According to Elements of Structure

INTRODUCTION

That is a well-prepared presentation about the classification and so many information about

structures and buildings.You can find many interesting topic and issue in this slideshow.Please respect for

labour.

STRUCTURE

• A structure is a thing which is the satisfy the need of nutrition ,harbouring ,transportation and stockpiling of the all living things.

• The various materials are used for construction of structures and they are located on aboveground or underground.

PROPORTIES OF STRUCTURE

• The structure must be constructed accord with the soil of structure.

• The materials must be used accord with structure proporties and construction tecniques.

• The structure must be durable for rain ,snow ,earthquake ,winds etc…

• The structure must be aesthetic appearance.• The cost of the structure must be reasonable.

CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE

• According to Material• According to Ground• According to Continuity• According to Purpose of Service• According to Ownership• According to Load-Carrier System• According to Construction Stages• According to Height• According to Elements of Structure

ACCORDING TO MATERIAL

• Adobe Structures• Wood Structures• Masonry Structures• Half-Timbered Structures• Reinforced Concrete Structures• Steel Structures

Adobe Structures• Adobe is a kind of loam which is

molded with the aid of wood frame to used for walling works in construction.

• The earth is mixed with water and straw.Then the mixture is compressed.After compression the mixture or mud is cast to the wood frames.Then again mixture is compressed.This compression increase the strength of adobe.When the mixture dry ,the adobe is ready for using.

Adobe Structure Examples

Wood Structures

Advantages of Wood Structures ;• Aesthetic Appearance• Freedom of Creavity• Healthy • Sustainability• Low Cost• Energy Efficiency• Aeismic Design• Time Saving• Eco-Friendly

Frame House

Roof Trusses or Rafters Floor Beams or Joints

Frame House

Wood Panel Wall OSB (Oriented Strand Board) Plaque

Wood Structure Examples

Masonry Structures

• The common materials of masonry structures are stone ,brick and briquette.

• Stone ,brick and briquette are used as load-bearing wall’s material.

• High durable form of construction.• Masonry units are bonding

together with the mortar.

Masonry Structure Examples

Half-Timbered Structures

• They have wooden skeleton composed from wooden stud and wooden buttress.

• Stone ,brick and adobe materials are infill materials in half-timbered structures and they are used to fill the space between the wooden skeleton.

Half-Timbered Structure Examples

Reinforced Concrete Structures

• Most popular type of construction in the world.

• Reinforced concrete is a composite material which is consisting of concrete and steel rebars.

• Foundation ,beams ,columns and slabs are the main elemets of the reinforced concrete structure’s skeleton.

Reinforced Concrete Structure Examples

Steel StructuresAdvantages of Steel Structures ;• Short Construction Time• Ductility • Not Heavy• Removable and Reusable• Not Effect from Weather Conditions• High Strength Structural Members• Areas of Usage : Industrial Buildings ,Bridges ,Multi-storey Buildings ,Skyscrapers

etc…

Steel Structure Examples

ACCORDING TO GROUND

Infrastructure Superstructure

ACCORDING TO CONTINUITY

Temporary Structures• Built for temporary time

period• Site Containers ,Stoclpiling

Containers ,Shelters etc…

Permanent Structures• Permanently used

structures.• Residental

Buildings ,Highways ,Bridges ,Hospitals etc…

ACCORDING TO PURPOSE OF SERVICE

• Residental Structures : Seperate House ,Villa ,Apartment etc…• Accommodation Structures : Hotels etc…• Cultural Structures : School ,Library ,Museum etc…• Medical Structures : Hospital ,Dispensary etc…• Religious Structures : Mosque ,Church etc…• Commercial Structures : Banks ,Office etc…• Industrial Structures : Factory ,Treatment Plant etc…• Sport Structures : Stadium ,Hippodrome ,Pool etc…• Hydraulic Structures : Dam ,Aqueduct etc…• Transportation Structures :

Highway ,Viaduct ,Bridge ,Railway ,Airport etc…

ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP

• Public Structures• Private Ownership Structures• Foundation Structures

ACCORDING TO LOAD-CARRIER SYSTEM

• Masonry Work Structures• Framed Structures• Prefabricated Structures• Lattice Structures• Suspension and Prestress Structures• Dome-type Structures• Tower-type Structures

Masonry Work Structures• Masonry Work Structures do not have load-bearing

skeleton(Reinforced Concrete Columns and Beams).• The load of the building is transfered to foundation and soil

by masonry walls.• Grouted Stone ,Structural Clay Bricks ,Briquette and

Structural Clay Tiles are used to construct load-bearing walls

Masonry Wall Structures

• Floors and Stairs can be reinforced concrete.

Masonry Wall Structures• All load-bearing walls must be one on the

top of the other in per floor.• Per storey of the building must be 3.00 m.• If the the load-bearing walls are mud-wall

or adobe wall ,per storey of the building must be 2.70 m.

• Basement floor must be 2.40 m for masonry wall structures.

Degree of Earthquake Zone At most storey of the Building

1 2

2,3 3

4 4

Masonry Wall Structure Examples

Framed Structures• The load of building is transfered to foundation and soil by a skeleton

which is composed by columns ,beams and floors.• Floors and roof transfer the loads to beams (horizontal load-bearing

elements) and beams transfer the loads to columns (vertical load-bearing elements).

• Bricks are used to fill spaces between the columns and seperate the rooms in framed structures.

• These brick walls do not load-carrier elements.So ,they are modifiable.• There are 3 seperated method for the skeleton of the framed

structures ;– Wooden Skeleton Structures– Reinforced Concrete Skeleton Structures– Steel Skeleton Structures

Frame Structures

Framed Structure Example

Prefabricated Structures

• Elemets of the buildings are manufactured before the construction.

• Elements of the building are montaged and bonded on the construction site.

• There are two kinds of prefabricated structure ;– Heavy Prebafricated Structures– Light Prefabricated Structures

Prefabricated Structure Examples

Lattice Structures

• Plane and Space Frame Systems and Trusses are used for construct the Lattice Structures.

• Lattice Structures are used for gyms ,aircraft hangers ,industrial buildings etc…

Suspension and Prestress Structures

• Not Heavy• Only Tensile Stress on Load-Bearing System• Constructed in Short Time Period• Portable and Modifiable• Not Need to Framework or Scaffold• Large Interior Space for Prestresses

Structures

Suspension and Prestress Structures

If you want more information about construction of the suspension bridges ,you can read my “3.Bosphorus Bridge Presentation” from my slideshare account or from my blog (http://erkintas.blogspot.com.tr).

Dome-type Structures

If you want more information about design of dome-type stadium ,you can read my “Melbourne Stadium Presentation” from my slideshare account or from my blog(http://erkintas.blogspot.com.tr).

Tower-type Structures

ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION STAGES

• Rough Construction Works : Load-bearing elements such as ; foundation ,columns ,beams ,floors ,roofs and stairs.

• Fine Construction Works : Works which covers the rough structure such as ; plaster ,painting ,insulations ,installations etc…

ACCORDING TO HEIGHT

• Normal Structures– Height between 3 – 36 meter.– Storey between 1 – 12.

• High-Rise Structures– Height between 37 – 75 meter.– Storey between 12 – 25.

• Skyscrapers– Height more than 75 meter or storey more than 25.

KINGDOM TOWER

Kingdom Tower Construction Project is an on going project and located in Saudi Arabia / Jeddah.When it finish ,it will be the highest structure in the world with height of approximately 1000 meter.The project will be finish in 2018.Estimated construction cost is 1.2 billion dollar.

Skyscraper Examples

Location : TaiwanYear of Construction : 2004Height : 509 meter (101 storey)Load-Bearing System : Reinfoced Concrete and Steel together

Location : MalaysiaYear of Construction : 1998Height : 452 meter (88 storey)Load-Bearing System : Reinfoced Concrete and Steel together

ACCORDING TO ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE

• Load-bearing Elements– Foundation– Columns– Beams– Floors– Stairs etc…

• Complementary Elements– Doors and Windows– Floor and Roof Tilings and Covers– Balcony Parapets and Stair Rails– Waterproofing and Thermal Insulation– Painting and Landscaping etc…

• Installations– Electric– Central Heating and Natural Gas– Air Conditioning– Elevator– Plumbing– Tv and Internet etc…

THANK YOU

For more slide please visit my blog (http://erkintas.blogspot.com.tr)