Upload
saeedsmg
View
537
Download
9
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
In the Name of God
FMI Saeed Mirzaye
Sirus Hoseinzadeh
Dr: Mohammad Sharifi
2015
10
Pad
Flap
The Fullbore Formation MicroImager (FMI) instrument
• Electrical method used in boreholes to image bedding and fractures around the perimeter of the borehole
• Measure the borehole size• Measurement in the water-based drilling fluid• High resolution picture based on resistivity contrasts from the borehole wall• Vertical resolution, 5 mm
Data processing
Schlumberger- Techlog Software• Speed correction• Pads image creation• Buttons harmonisation• Histogram equalisation• Image processing
12
RAW dataPROCESSED data
Speed Correction
Image Equalization
A comparison between a static image (left) and a dynamic image (right). The dynamic image was processed using a 5-ft (1.5-m) sliding window. Note the better appearance of the finely laminated beds and the truncation (T) surface. North (N) on the images refers to true north. Also, the image shows one bedding plane being picked. After Knight (1999) in Hurley (2004).
Applications
Structural analysis and modeling
3D near-wellbore and interwell structural modeling Structural cross sections Detection and determination of faults, folds, and unconformities True, accurate structural dip in almost any formation
Naturally fractured reservoir characterization and modeling
Discrete fracture network (DFN) modeling Direct visual quantification of fracture orientation and density Quantification of fracture aperture and fracture porosity
Secondary porosity evaluation in carbonate and igneous reservoirs
Quantification of matrix and vuggy fractions of porosity Partitioning of isolated, connected, and fracture-connected vuggy porosity Direct visual identification of macroporosity and nonporous nodules Estimation of permeability and variable cementation exponent m
Thin-bed detection and evaluation
Layer delineation for high-resolution deterministic petrophysical evaluation Fast quantification of interval net-to-gross ratio and net pay Direct visualization of beds down to millimeter scale
Reservoir characterization workflow
Direct visual or automatic textural classification of facies and rock types Realistic population of reservoir bodies with petrophysical parameters Recognition of anisotropy, permeability barriers, and permeability paths
Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy
Deterministic or stochastic modeling of reservoir bodies Definition and characterization of sedimentary bodies and their boundaries Qualitative vertical profiles of grain size and stacking pattern Paleocurrent directions
Geomechanics
Determination of principal stress directions Calibration of mechanical earth model (MEM) Mud weight selection
Complement to coring and formation tester programs Depth matching and orientation for whole cores Reservoir description for intervals not cored Information about the reservoir before core analysis is available Depth matching for sidewall core samples and wireline formation tester
Dips
• Dips show up as sinusoidal features on an FMI Image
• Colors represent different micro-resistivities
If one assumes fractures to be planar features and the wellbore to be cylindrical then the unwrapping of the cylindrical image will show fracture crossing the wellbore as sinusoids
Dips
Dip Calculation
h
Diam
= ATan ( h / Diam ) = Dip Angle
h
Circumference
(Known Diameter)
قطع را چاه دیواره که هستند زیاد نسبتا گسترش با ای صفحه های پدیده ها شکستگیکنند .می
سازند زمینه با شدیدی فیزیکی تباین پرشده، یا آنها،باز نوع به بسته ها شکستگیهستند شناسایی قابل تصویرگر های الگ در که . دارند
رسانا،?? حفاری گل با شدن پر خاطر به باز های تیره شکستگی شکستگی اثر وشده پر روشن های الگهای اثر در شکستگی تشخیص مبنای رنگی تباین این دارند
باشد می تصویرگرهای پدیده ها ای شکستگی دار و باریک، صفحه تشخیص شیب مبنای که هستند
از بندی آنها استالیه
Fracture morphologic types.
DIFs are observed as narrow well defined conductive features separated by 180º and oriented sub-parallel to the borehole axis. (a) DIFs are oriented towards 010ºN and 190ºN, indicating an approximately N-S maximum horizontal stress orientation. (b) DIFs are oriented towards 040ºN and 220ºN, indicating an approximately NE-SW maximum horizontal stress orientation. (c) DIFs are oriented towards 045ºN and 225ºN. Furthermore, breakouts are also observed co-incident with the DIFs. Both the breakouts and DIFs indicate an approximately NE-SW maximum horizontal stress orientation
Drilling induced fractures
38
Depth (m
)
Washout of Shale at Top of Fluvial Channel Sand
Dip histogram of all conductive (open) fractures in the Gorgas #1 well.Bidirectional rose diagram showing the density
Dip histogram of all resistive (healed) fractures in the Gorgas #1 well.Bidirectional rose diagram showing the density
Why the knowledge of the stress field is important?
• Hydraulic fracturing of unconventional HC reservoirs
• Monitoring the well to maintain its stability• Tectonic researches
Borehole deformations•The Borehole Breakout (BO) and the Drilling induced tensile fractures are special kinds of drill-hole failures
•Compressive borehole breakouts form in the area of maximum circumferential stress, which in vertical wells is found at the azimuth of Sh min
•Tensile failure forms 90° from borehole breakouts in the direction of the maximum horizontal stress (SH max)
در ای حفره تخلخل شناسایی FMIالگ
های هستند،تخلخل ای صفحه های پدیده که ها شکستگی برخالفهستند دایره شبیه کمابیش که هستند شکل بی های پدیده ای حفره
اند پراکنده تصویرگر الگ سطح در .کهمی پر رسانا گل توسط که هستند بزرگی منافذ ای خفره های تخلخلسازند ماتریکس به نسبت باالیی بسیار الکتریکی رسانایی گل شوند
دارد
Vuggy rock
1,lamination 2,bedding
inverse/reverse grading conglomerates
massive bed convolute bedding (slump)
water escape structure sand injection
Sedimentological features
54
Depth (m
) 0.5 m
Fractured zone Vuggy rock Bedding surfaces
calcite cemented nodule
Deformation of soft sediment leading to convolute bedding
Great Contorted Beds in Fluvial Sandstone, Probably Reducing Reservoir Quality
Portion of the FMI log across another fluvial channel sand with great contorted bedding
Training Workshop for Imaging Tools60
Porosity Distribution over 1.2 inch Window
192 Porosity Channels (0.1”, 0.3”, 0.6”, 1’….. Sampling rate)
FMI Porosity
(f)FMI = (f)ext [LLs * Ci]1/m
Secondary Porosity
fTotal = fMatrix + fVugs / Mouldic + fFractures
2525
25
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Freq
uenc
y
Porosity Distribution (pu)
Unimodal Porosity Distribution(Homogeneous Carbonates)
Thanks for your attention