Upload
hossam-shafiq-ii
View
148
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Lecture (3 )
Prepared by :
Assc. Prof Nasser El-Shafey
2016- 2017
When loose, saturated sands, silts, or gravel shaken, the
material consolidates, reducing the porosity and increasing
pore water pressure. The ground settles, often unevenly,
tilting and toppling structures that were formerly supported
by the soil
Liquefaction can cause problems as soil loses it’s ability to
resist shear and flows much like quick sand. Anything
relying on the substrata for support can shift, tilt, rupture, or
collapse.
1-Liquefaction
Damage of Structure As A Result Of Soil Problems
Liquefaction-caused building
failure in Niigata,
Japan.
Liquefaction-
caused building
failure in Niigata,
Japan
Liquefaction Adapazari, Turkey
1999
1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake,
increase pore pressure pushed
quay wall bridge near the west
end toward the river, allowing
the soil and western-most pier
to move one meter Eastward.
2- Landslides
When a steeply inclined mass of soil is Suddenly shaken,
a slip-plane can form, and the material slides downhill.
During a landslide, structures sitting on the slide move
downward and structures below the slide are hit by falling
debris.
In 1970 an earthquake off coast of Peru produced a landslide began 80 miles away from earthquake. The slide was large (estimated it's height at about 30 meters), killing more than 18,000 people.
Gravity retaining wall pushed outward by landslide
One of about 75 homes
damaged as a result of the
Turnagain Heights slide.
Collapse of Tsu Wei Bridge due to landslide during the Ji Ji, Taiwan earthquake.
Slope instability –Niigata, Japan 2004
IMPORTANCE OF GROUND CONDITIONS
Local soil conditions, particularly deep layers of soft soil as may
be found in river valleys or near estuaries, significantly amplify
shaking. They also modify the frequency content of seismic waves
by filtering out higher frequency excitations
DAMAGE AS A RESULT OF STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS
Engineers will occasionally design foundations to rock during
earthquakes as a way of dissipating energy and of reducing
the demand on the structure; however, when the foundation
is too small, it can become unstable and rock over
1. Foundation Failure
Large longitudinal displacements of bridge span causing damage to abutment
2. Foundation Connections
Structures need to be well anchored to foundation.
The longitudinal reinforcement did not have sufficient
development length to transfer the force to the footing
Soft Story
Soft Story
Soft First Story is a discontinuity of strength and stiffness for lateral load at the ground level.
3. Soft Story
Soft Storey at Ground Floor
Soft story (stiffening structural elements which are present in the upper stories are missing at the ground floor)
1) Building Plan
2) Heavy mass at top should be avoided
Smaller water tank at top is preferred
NO YES
3) Large projections not allowed 4) Floating column not allowed
Short Column
Short Column
4. Torsional Moments
Curved, skewed, and eccentricallysupported structures often experience a torsional moment during earthquakes.
5. Shear
Most building structures use shear walls or moment-resisting
frames to resist lateral forces during earthquakes. Damage to
these systems varies from minor cracks to complete collapse.
M. McKinley-ALASKA
6. Flexural Failure
Flexural members are often designed to form plastic hinges during large earthquakes. A plastic hinge allows a member to yield and deform while continuing to support its load; however, when there is insufficient confinement for reinforced concrete members a flexural failure will occur instead.
Often, flexural damage is accompanied by compression or shear damage, as the capacity of the damaged area has been lowered.
Flexural damage tocolumns
Insufficient transverse reinforcement toprevent buckling of the vertical reinforcement
7. Connection Problems
When a bridge superstructure moves off its expansion joint or when the connections between building columns and beams fail, the result is too often the COLLAPSE of thestructure.
Special structural systems 1-Rigid frames 2-Shear walls 3-Frames and cores 4- Coupled framed-shear wall systems
5- Cores-coupled shear wall
6- Tubular systems7- Perforated tubes.8- Tube in tube. 9- Bundle tube.
Structural system Number of floors
Frames 20
Shear walls 35
Frames & shear walls 50
Cores-coupled shear walls 55
Perforated tube 60
Tube in tube 65
Bundle tube 90
The response spectrum is a convenient method for illustrating
and quantifying how natural period of vibration and damping
of a building affects its response to earthquake shaking.
SEISMIC FORCES
Natural period of vibration of building has huge effect on maximum horizontalacceleration, and magnitude. Buildings with T=0.2 to 0.7 seconds are amplifyingground acc. by almost a factor of 3.0. As natural periods become longer, from 0.7to 1.7 seconds, peak accelerations reduce towards the same intensity as the peakground acceleration. Beyond 1.7 seconds, maximum accelerations continue todiminish until at T=4.0 seconds building acceleration is only 0.3 of the maximumground acceleration.
Earthquake effects on buildings depend on:Mass of structure Stiffness of structureDuctility of structures Foundation typeSoil conditions Earthquake zone
1.Symmetry: The structure is almost symmetrical in plan along
two orthogonal directions regarding the lateral stiffness and
mass distribution.
2.Recesses: shall not exceed 5% of the floor area.
3.Aspect Ratio: Lx / Ly <4.0.
4.Torsional regularity: eccentricity between C.M. & C.R.
< 15% Li for each direction (Li=Lx &Ly for x & y directions).
Plan Regularity
Quasi static analysis: Regular buildings; H <100 m & H/B <5.
Response Spectra: Regular buildings; H=100-150 m or H/B >5.
Dynamic analysis: Irregular buildings or H>150m.
Earthquake methods of Analysis
Elevation RegularityAll lateral force resisting elements such as cores, shear walls or frames should be continuous from foundation up to the last floor or setback or recess level.Stiffness and mass regularity: Difference between two successive floors does not exceed 75% for Lateral stiffness and 50% for mass.Capacity Continuity: ratio between actual to required resistance of columns in framed structures should sustain for successive floor. The masonry walls effect should be considered as such.Vertical geometric regularity.
Simplified Modal Response
Spectrum Method