Seminar Topic OnNUCLEAR POWER PLANTAND ITS IMPORTANCE IN

INDIA

CONTENTSIntroduction

Nuclear reaction

Nuclear fission process

Nuclear chain reaction

Constituents of Nuclear power plant

Nuclear Reactor(Main parts)

Types of power reactors commonly used

Nuclear energy deal in India

World Production of Electricity by the Fuel in 2002:

Nuclear Power Plants in India

Nuclear Reaction:-

A projectile is taken

Mass-Energy conversion acc. to Einstein’s equation

Nuclear Fission process:-

In this process heavy nucleus is splitted and release high energy

1 fission of U-235 causes 230 mev energy

Nuclear chain Reaction

When a neutron hits a U-235 3 neutrons produced

“Chain reaction is defined as a fission reaction where neutron from the previous reaction continue to propagate and repeat the reaction”

Constituents of Nuclear power plant and layout

Nuclear ReactorMain parts:-

1.Reactor core

2.Moderator

3.Control rods

4.Coolant

5.Reflector

6.Thermal shielding

Power Reactors in common use

Boiling water Reactor(BWR)

Pressurized water Reactor(PWR)

Heavy water cooled and moderated(CANDU TYPE) Reactor

Gas Cooled Reactor

Liquid metal cooled Reactor

1.Boiling Water Reactor

Fuel used is rich in uranium oxide.

Ordinary water is used as both moderator and coolant.

Low thermal efficiency.

Can’t meet sudden increase of load.

Basic Diagram of a BWR

A BWR in Practice

Boiling Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plant

A reactor behaves in a similar manner. As the reactor water is boiled, its volume increases, and the steam escapes at high speed through the outlet piping. The piping is designed so the steam strikes the cups on the turbine wheel; the wheel spins and its shaft turns the copper coil in the electrical generator.

2: Pressurized Water Reactor(PWR)

Advantages:CompactnessIsolation of radio active system from main steam systemCheap light water used as both moderator and coolant

Disadvantages:Strong pressure vessel is requiredFormation of low temp. steam

High losses from heat exchangerHigh power consumption from auxilarities

Basic Diagram of a PWR

A PWR in Practice

3.Heavy Water Cooled and Moderated (CANDU Type) Reactor

Description of CANDU type reactor

It makes use of heavy hydrogen isotope (H1

2) as moderator

Primary and secondary cicuits are similar to PWR It’s very expensive to separate Control rods are not required It has high multiplication factor and low level fuel

consumption

Advanced Reactor Designs Under Consideration

GE-Hitachi ABWR – NRC Certified (1997) Westinghouse AP1000 – NRC Certified (2005)GE-Hitachi ESBWR – Under NRC Review AREVA US-EPR – Under NRC review Mitsubishi US-APWR – Under NRC Review

Benefits of Advanced Reactor Designs

Standardization Simpler and Safer Large scale power

production Operating or under

construction elsewhere

Indian Nuclear Program: The Present Status 12 PHWR & 2 BWR now under operation 4 PHWR and 2 LWR under commission 2950 MW generation & 3000 MW under commission Successful experiments with Fast Breeder Test Reactor

(FBTR) Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) for 500MWe

under construction Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) using (Pu-Th)

O2 MOX for 300MWe: advanced stage of design approval; construction soon to begin.

Reactor Generations

Gen I Prototypes in 50’s & 60’s

Gen II 70’s & 80’s Today’s Operational Reactors BWR, PWR, CANDU, …

Gen III ABWR, APWR Approved 90’s Some Built around the World

Gen III+ Current Advanced Designs in the Approval Process Pebble Bed Reactor

Gen IV Deploy in 2030 Economical Safe Minimize Waste Reduce Proliferation

MAKING INDIA A NUCLEAR POWER India 1948:-It was pt.

Jawaharlal Nehru initiated India’s Nuclear energy program

India 1967:-It was Indira Gandhi initiated India’s Nuclear weapons program

INDIA AFTER 2000 India 2005:-It was Dr.

Manmohan Singh signed 123 agreement.

India 2009:-Manmohan Singh is again interested to increase India’s civilian Nuclear energy

India has signed “Civil Nuclear Trade Agreement”.

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