Country Comparison Between India and China

Presented BySarwar Jahan TalukderMd. Saiful IslamR. M Shafiullah Khan Dept. of Geography and EnvironmentMd. Inzamul Haque Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

Sylhet – 3114, Bangladesh

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• Earliest orgin: The Indus Valley Civilization• Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the

Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture.

• Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture.

• In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate

• In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries

• By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent

• Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in Indian independence, which was granted in 1947.

• Earliest origin: Chinise Civilization• For centuries China stood as a

leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences

• The country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation in the 19th and early 20th century.

• After World War II, the communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system

• After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled.

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

Coordinates-India: 20 00 N, 77 00 EChina: 35 00 N, 105 00 E

GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISONINDIA CHINA

Location Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan

Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam

Area Total: 3,287,263 sq km (one-third the size of the US)Land: 2,973,193 sq km Water: 314,070 sq km

Total: 9,596,960 sq km (slightly smaller than the US)Land: 9,326,410 sq km Water: 270,550 sq km

Terrain upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north

mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east

Climate Varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Land Use Arable land: 47.87% Permanent crops: 3.74% Other: 48.39% (2011)

Arable land: 11.62% Permanent crops: 1.53% Other: 86.84% (2011)

INDIA CHINA

Natural Hazards Droughts; flash floods, monsoon flood; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes volcanism: Barren Island (elev. 354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years

frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence volcanism: Active Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively inactive in recent centuries

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources

air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in endangered species

GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON

DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISONIndices China India

Population 1,355,692,576 (Sex Ratio: 1.05) (2014) 1,236,344,631 (Sex Ratio: 1.08) (2014 est.)

Growth Rate 0.44% (2014) 1.25% (2014)

Birth Rate 12.17 births/1,000 population (2014) 19.89 births/1,000 population (2014)

Death Rate 7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2014) 7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2014)

Net Migration Rate -0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014) -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)

Infant Mortality Rate 14.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2014) 43.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2014)

Life Expectancy 75.15 years (2014) 67.8 years (2014)

Total Fertility Rate 1.55 children born/woman (2014) 2.51 children born/woman (2014)

Maternal Mortality Rate 37 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) 200 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Contraceptive Users 84.6% (2006) 54.8% (2007)

Literacy 95.1% (2010) 62.8% (2006)

Urbanization 50.6% of total population (2011) 31.3% of total population (2011)

DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISONAge Structure

China India0-14 years: 17.1% 15-24 years: 14.7% 25-54 years: 47.2% 55-64 years: 11.3%65 years + : 9.6%

0-14 years: 28.5% 15-24 years: 18.1% 25-54 years: 40.6% 55-64 years: 7%65 years + : 5.8%

Population Pyramid (age sex ratio)

DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISONDependency Ratio

Indices China IndiaTotal Dependency 37.4% 51.8 %

Youth Dependency 24.9 % 43.6 %

Elderly Dependency 12.5 % 8.1 %

Potential Support 8 12.3

Rural-Urban

Indices China India

Rural Population 622million 876million

Rural Pop. growth -2.18% 0.68%

Urban Population 722million 401million

Urban pop. growth 2.93% 2.38%

Population Density

DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISON

China IndiaReligion

Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, Folk religion 21.9%, Hindu < .1%, Jewish < .1%, other 0.7% (includes Daoist (Taoist)), unaffiliated 52.2%

Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1%

Language

Standard Chinese or Mandarin (official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, other minority languages.

Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%

Ethnic Group

Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other 7.1 % (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai and other nationalities).

Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%

DEMOGRAPHIC COMPARISON

Government type: Federal RepublicCapital: New DelhiIndependence: 15 August 1947 (from the UK)Legal system: common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts.

GOVERNMENT COMPARISON

Republic of India

People's Republic of ChinaGovernment type: Communist stateCapital: BeijingIndependence: 1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established)Legal System: civil law influenced by Soviet and continentalEuropean civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; note - criminal procedure law revised in early 2012.

• three equal horizontal bands of saffron-white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band;

• saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation;

• white signifies purity and truth;• green stands for faith and fertility; • the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and

death in stagnation

Flag Discription• red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four

smaller yellow five-pointed stars in the upper hoist-side corner.

• the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China.

GOVERNMENT COMPARISONGOVERNMENT OF CHINA

EXECUTIVELEGISLATIVE JUDICIARY

State Council Functional Center of State

power Headed by premier

NPC Standing Committee Headed by Chairman 160 members

National Peoples Congress(NPC) Body 3000 delegates Forum of debeting ideas

within the CPC/govt

Chief of State:

President Vice President

Head of Government:

Primier Executive Vice

Premier

Supreme People's Court

Higher People's Courts

Intermediate People's Courts

District and County People's Courts

Political Parties:India- India has dozens of national and regional political parties. E.g. Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP, Indian National Congress or INC, Aam Aadmi Party or AAP China-Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping] and eight nominally independent small parties ultimately controlled by the CCP.

ECONOMIC COMPARISON

Since the late 1970s China has moved from a closed, centrally

planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major

global role - in 2010 China became the world's largest exporter.

Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts

for price differences, China in 2013 stood as the second-largest

economy in the world after the US, having surpassed Japan in

2001.

Economic development has progressed further in coastal

provinces than in the interior, and by 2011 more than 250 million

migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban

areas to find work.

China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and

economic development.

Several factors are converging to slow China's growth, including

debt overhang from its credit-fueled stimulus program, industrial

overcapacity, inefficient allocation of capital by state-owned

banks, and the slow recovery of China's trading partners.

India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past

autarkic policies remain.

India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern

agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a

multitude of services.

Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation,

privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign

trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate

the country's growth, which averaged under 7% per year from 1997 to

2011.

India's economic growth began slowing in 2011 because of a decline in

investment, caused by high interest rates, rising inflation, and investor

pessimism about the government's commitment to further economic

reforms and about the global situation.

However, investors' perceptions of India improved in early 2014, due to a

reduction of the current account deficit and expectations of post-election

economic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital flows and

stabilization of the rupee.

Economic Overview of China Economic Overview of India

ECONOMIC COMPARISON

ECONOMIC COMPARISONIndices China India

GDP $13.39 trillion (2013 est.) $4.99 trillion (2013 est.)

GDP – Real Growth Rate

7.7% (2013 est.) 3.2% (2013 est.)

Per Capita Income $9,800 (2013 est.) $4,000 (2013 est.)

GDP – Composition by Sectors

Agriculture: 10%Industries: 43.9%Services: 46.1% (2013 est.)

Agriculture: 17.4%Industries: 25.8%Services: 56.9% (2013 est.)

Population Below Poverty Line

6.1% (2013 est.) 29.8% (2010 est.)

Labor Force 797.6 million (2013 est.) 487.3 million (2013 est.)

Labor Force by Occupation

Agriculture: 33.6%Industries: 30.3%Services: 36.1% (2012 est.)

Agriculture: 49%Industries: 20%Services: 31% (2012 est.)

Unemployment Rate 4.1% (2013 est.) 8.8% (2013 est.)

Budget Revenues: $2.118 trillionExpenditures: $2.292 trillion (2013)

Revenues: $181.3 billionExpenditures: $281.6 billion (2013)

ECONOMIC COMPARISONIndices China India

IPG Rate 7.6% (2013 est.) 0.9% (2013 est.)

Exports $2.21 trillion (2013 est.) $313.2 billion (2013 est.)

Exports Commodities

electrical and other machinery, including data processing equipment, apparel, radio telephone handsets, textiles, integrated circuits.

petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel.

Exports Partners

Hong Kong 17.4%, US 16.7%, Japan 6.8%, South Korea 4.1% (2013 est.)

UAE 12.3%, US 12.2%, China 5%, Singapore 4.9%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2012)

Imports $1.95 trillion (2013 est.) $467.5 billion (2013 est.)

Imports Commodities

electrical and other machinery, oil and mineral fuels; nuclear reactor, boiler, and machinery components; optical and medical equipment, metal ores, motor vehicles; soybeans

crude oil, precious stones, machinery, fertilizer, iron and steel, chemicals

Imports Partners

South Korea 9.4%, Japan 8.3%, Taiwan 8%, United States 7.8%, Australia 5%, Germany 4.8% (2013 est.)

China 10.7%, UAE 7.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.8%, Switzerland 6.2%, US 5.1% (2012)

MILITARY COMPARISONINDIA CHINA

World Rank: 4

World Rank: 3

male: 12,151,065 female: 10,745,891 (2010 est.)

male: 10,406,544 female: 9,131,990 (2010 est.)

Total Exp. :2.43% of GDP (2010)

Total Exp.:1.99% of GDP (2010)

ENERGY & RESOURCE COMPARISON

Electricity, Petroleum, Natural Gas and Carbon Emission ScenarioIndices China India

Electricity Production 5.398 trillion kWh (2013) 871 billion kWh (FY11/12 est.)

Electricity Consumption 5.322 trillion kWh (2013) 698.8 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Oil Production 4.197 million bbl/day (2013 est.) 990,200 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Oil Imports 5.664 million bbl/day (2013 est.) 3.272 million bbl/day (2010 est.)

Oil Exports 33,000 bbl/day (2013 est.) 0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Natural Gas Reserves 3.1 trillion cu m (1 January 2013) 1.241 trillion cu m (1 January 2013)

Natural Gas Production 117.1 billion cu m (2013 est.) 40.38 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption 150 billion cu m (2013 est.) 64.49 billion cu m (2010 est.)

ENERGY & RESOURCE COMPARISON

ENERGY & RESOURCE COMPARISON

China: 10 billion Mt (2013 est.) India: 1.726 billion Mt (2011 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Consumption of Energy

CHINA-INDIA TRANSITIONAL ISSUES

India has been ranked the fourth-biggest

source of black money by a US-based think

tank, with $510 billion worth of illicit financial

flows during 2004-2013, or $51 billion

annually, on average.

China tops the list for 2004-

2013, with $139 billion average illicit financial

flow per annum

Border IssueBlack Money

CHINA-INDIA TRANSITIONAL ISSUES

Other Transitional Issues-• Illicit Drug Issue

• Refugee Issue

• Nuclear Issue

• Missile Issue

Illiccit drug Transport Route

India-China