Properties of Rattan Cane and its Comprehensive Utilization Technology

Properties of Rattan Cane and Its

Comprehensive Utilization

Technology

Xinge Liu, Shumin Yang, Lili Shang and Jianfeng Ma

Researchers, International Centre for Rattan and Rattan

Department of Rattan and Rattan Biomass and New Materials

International seminar on rattan sustainable management and

utilization in South-east Asia

1

Outline

Properties of rattan cane

Processing and Utilization

of rattan cane

Questions and Suggestions

Future work

2

Properties of rattan cane

3

1. Rattan Resources in world

There are 13 genera of rattan divided into about 700 species, mainly

distributed in Asia, north of Oceania and tropical regions of West Africa. 4

Genus

Name CHN ICP TH MM IND PH MAS INA NG LSI LK FiJi OA WA

Estimated

Species

Calamus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 400

Calospatha 1

Ceratolobus + + + + + + 6

Daemonorops + + + + + + + + + 115

Eremospatha + 7

Korthalsia + + + + + + + + 26

Laccosperms + 7

Myrialepis + + + + 1

Oncocalamus + 5

Plectocomia + + + + + + + + 16

Pleotocomiopsis + + + 5

Pogonotium + + 3

Retispatha + 1

Genus 3 4 7 5 5 5 8 9 3 1 1 1 1 4 13

Estimated

Species42 23 50 30 46 54 104 755 50 ? 10 3 8 24 600

5

Genus

NameHN GD GX FJ JX ZJ HN TW GZ YN XZ

Plectocomia 1s 1s 3s

Calamus11s

1v

11s

3v

9s

2v

3s 2s 1s 1s 3s 4s 15s

21v

1s

Daemonorops 1s 1s 1s

Total 13s 23 50 30 46 54 104 755 50 ? 10

S: Species; V:Variation

1. Rattan Resources in China

Calamus

6

m

µm

cm

nm

As an important non-wood resource in the tropical and southsub-tropical forests, the RATTAN is of great societal, economical,ecological value and only inferior to wood and Rattan.

Sub-µm

The outermost primary wall

was composed of a meshwork

of microfibrils

A great degree of

inhomogeneity in the

layering structure of

sclerenchyma fiber

secondary wall

From the periphery

toward the pith the

vascular bundles

decrease in number

and increase in size

Rattan cane

Cross section of

Rattan cane

2. Properties of Rattan cane

7

Cell differentiation

and growth

development

The cell development

of D. margaritae

shoots (vp-vascular

prototype; svep-small

vessel elements of

protoxylem;

f-fiber; v-vessel;

st-- sieve tube)

8

Fiber

Vessel

Anatomical Structure of cell wall

Parenchyma

Fiber

Vessel

Parenchyma

9

Lignification of Rattan

Intennode 6th

Only protoxylem

vessel

Fiber、vessel

and parenchma

begin to lignify

All cell types

begin to lignify All cell types

has lignified

Intennode 10th Intennode 20th Intennode 30th

10

Anatomical Structure-

Base Middle Top0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

微纤丝角

Mic

rofi

bri

l an

gle

/° 藤皮 Cortex

藤芯 Core

The MFA in the bark and cortex did

not show obvious difference.Average microfibirls angle (MFA) was 31.05°

Microfibrils Angle

11

Physical and Mechanical Properties

The density of rattan is between 0.27~0.65g/cm3, and can be divided three classes.

GY SC DG HT YN DY MN0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6 heavy

middle

Den

dit

y g

/cm

3

Different rattan types

light

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

light

middle

Den

sity

g/c

m3

heavy

Density

12

SpeciesDensity

g/cm3

Bending

modulus

(MOE) MPa

Bending

strength

(MOR) MPa

Compressive

modulus MPa

Compressive

strength MPa

Plectocomia

kerrana0.27 846.78 31.05 831.61 17.87

Daemonorops

margaritae0.39 1525.46 57.62 1198.49 23.54

Calamus

simplicifolius0.47 1375.32 67.88 1571.18 31.59

Calumus

thwaitesii0.48 2156 51.3 - 29.2

Calamus

manan0.52 3450 94.03 - 39.08

Calumus

gamblei0.66 3098 71.5 - 29.9

Calamus

nagbettai0.67 4057 91.0 - 33.6

The mechanical properties of rattan increased with density increase.

Calamus manan is one of the strongest cane.

Effect of density on mechanical performance

13

Stress-strain curves of single fibers of four rattan

species under longitudinal tension

Single rattan fiber with two droplets of

epoxy at its ends acting as anchoring

points


Mechanical properties of single fiber

14custom-built short vegetable fiber

mechanical tester

Rattan species

A B C D

Rattan species

A B C D

The tensile elastic modulus, tensile strength, and elongation significantly differed in A, B, C, and D.

The average values of tensile elastic modulus and tensile stregth of A and C are 10.61 GPa and 603

MPa, and 9.10 GPa and 464 MPa, respectively, representing the maximum and minimum values of

the four rattan species sampled.

(A) Calamus simplicifolius

(B) C. nambariensis Becc.var.

Xishuangbannaensis

(C) C. yunnanensis

(D)C. nambariensis Becc. var.

yingjiangensis


Mechanical properties of single fiber

15

ASTM E399-2012 Standard

3/ 2

Q

Q

P S aK f

BW w

2

3/ 2

1.99 1 2.15 3.93 2.7

3

2 1 2 1

a a a a

w w w wa af

w w a a

w w

Using the three-point bending method to measure the fracture toughness of

rattan according to the linear elastic fracture mechanics.


Fractureness Testing

16


Fractureness Testing

The fracturing process were visualizing by scanning electron microscope and

micro-CT technology.

Synchrotron radiation X ray technology 3D Picture

17

Processing and Utilization

of rattan cane

18

3. Processing and Utilization of Rattan

19

• most identified rattan species lack commercial

relatively high variability in the structural composition

breakable and poor mechanical properties

• modification

Mechanical properties Plectocomia kerrana Calamus manan

Compressive strength MPa 17.87 37.11

Bending strength MPa 31.05 93.89

Bending modulus GPa 1.04 2.32

Fractureness MPa•m1/2 0.476 0.651

Rattan Modification

20

There is significant difference in mechanical properties between two

rattan species. Calamus manan was often used in load-bearing part in

furniture.

Rattan ModificationMelamine modified urea formaldehyde resin (MPUF)

Format of Modification Regents

Melamine (三聚氰胺) :Methanol(甲醇)、 Formaldehyde (甲醛):Orgageantnic silicon(有机硅):PEG(聚乙二醇): Urea(尿素)=1：2～3：2～3：0.1～0.4：0.1～0.4：1～2.

Modification Process

Rattan canning→ Evacuating (0.06-0.08Mpa) → Vacuum holding (15-

30min)→Modification regents injecting →Atomospheric keeping→Pressuring (0.4-

0.6ann Mpa)→Pressure maintain (2-4h)→Releasing→Discharging→Products collecting

Immersion Drying

21

Properties Treated Untreated Increase %

Density (g/cm3) 0.451 0.234 92.73

Bending strength(MPa) 67.80 36.84 84.04

Bending modulus(MPa) 1166.19 640.24 82.15

Compressive strength(MPa)

38.80 20.27 91.41

Compressive modulus(MPa)

1596.30 952.86 67.53

Fractureness(MPa) 0.476 0.676 42.02

Impact toughness(MPa) 177.27 193.82 -9.03

Impact toughness testCompressive testBending test

Rattan Modification

MPUF modification

22

Number Concentration Pressure Temperature Time

1 MMA100% atmospheric 40 2h

2 MMA100% 0.5MPa 60 4h

3 MMA100% 1.0MPa 80 6h

4 MMA:GMA=2:1 atmospheric 60 6h

5 MMA:GMA=2:1 0.5MPa 80 2h

6 MMA:GMA=2:1 1.0MPa 40 4h

7 MMA:GMA=4:1 atmospheric 80 4h

8 MMA:GMA=4:1 0.5MPa 40 6h

9 MMA:GMA=4:1 1.0MPa 60 2h

Methyl Methacrylate

（MMA）Glycidyl methacrylate

（GMA)

Rattan Modification

MMA and GMA Modification

23

Obtaining a optimization

process for a monomer

impregnation of rattan cane.

Mechanical properties Treated Rattan Untreated rattan Increase%

Bending modulus MPa 2593.76 846.78 206.31

Bending strength MPa 97.89 31.05 215.27

Compressive modulus MPa

1735.40 831.61 108.68

Compressive strength MPa

36.96 17.87 106.82

Mechanical properties of untreated and treated rattan

Rattan Modification

MMA Modification

24

Inhibition zone dimensions of single reagent for the different fungi

No. agent Density (%) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

C11 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 0

1 CTL C12 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 1

C13 1 5 2 3 3 2 2 1

C21 3 0 4 4 2 4 1 1

2 CBZ C22 3 0 4 4 3 4 2 1

C23 4 0 5 5 3 5 3 2

C31 2 0 3 2 2 3 2 0

3 Benomyl C32 2 0 4 3 2 3 2 0

C33 3 0 4 4 3 4 2 1

C41 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 1

4 BAC C42 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 2

C43 2 5 3 3 2 2 2 2

C51 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1

5 DDAC C52 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1

C53 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1

C61 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

6 Cu-8 C62 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 2C63 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3

Single agent

Rattan prevention of fungi stains

25

When carbendazim (CBZ) or benomyl was compounded with Cu-8 or DDAC respectively, the

inhibiting effects of the chemicals were greatly improved


The fungi-inhibition effects of compouds

26

Concnetration

GradientCBZ Benomyl Cu-8

CBZ

+Cu-8

Benomyl

+Cu-8

CBZ

+DDAC

Benomyl

+DDAC

1 5 5 5 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.5

2 4.2 4.3 4.5 2.8 3.5 3 3.5

3 2 2.5 3 1.5 2 1.5 2

4 0.8 1 1 0.5 0.8 0.5 1

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Rattan prevention of the fungi stains

Results of the indoor anti-staining experiments

27

● correlation between the Inhibition zone dimensions and the fungi-inhibition effects


Inhibition zone 0-2 inhibition levels 5

Inhibition zone 3-5

inhibition levels 4 inhibition levels 3

inhibition levels 0inhibition levels 2 inhibition levels 1

28

Dyed rattan furniture 29

Bleaching and

Dyeing

Change of whiteness change of D. margaritae

before and after bleaching

H2O2% pH Urea% Addictive% Time/min Temp/°C

Rattan Bleaching

30（Wang Zhenguo，2009）

Dyeing of Daemonorups

margaritae

31（Wang Zhenguo，2009）

L*a*b* Munsell

L* a* b* Ag* C* V H C

77.2 6.0 20.8 74.1 21.7 6.6 8.1 3.5

77.5 5.8 19.9 73.7 20.7 6.6 8.0 3.3

73.6 6.5 21.8 71.6 22.8 6.3 7.8 3.7

79.3 5.3 20.0 75.1 20.7 6.8 8.3 3.3

77.9 5.9 20.9 74.4 21.7 6.7 8.1 3.5

For the rattan cane, yellow-orangepredominates the color parameters and thedistributing range of lightness was narrow.

L*a*b* and Munsell color space parameter values

The thickness of rattan materials

affected the absorption

characteristics significantly.

Rattan for interior decorating materials

Performance assessment

32

Rattan decorated roomAs the extension of time, humidity

adjustment for the surface decorated rattan

was weaker than that of untreated samples.


Performance assessment

33

Classification Sanding Polishing Splitting Cooking

MoldingWater

immersion

Decorations


Manufacturing process for indoor decorations

34

Raw materials Peel Rattan core Division

Refined divisionClassifyingBinding


Manufacturing process for rattan core

35


Manufacturing process for rattan furniture

36

Questions and Suggestions

37

1. Shortage of raw materials

Conserve Species Diversity

Promote Rattan Breeding and

Plantation Cultivation

Formulate International

Trade Policy

38

2. The development of standards

Make Efforts to Construct Framework for

the Rattan Standard System of China

Promote Scientific Research on Rattan

Standards and Standardization

Through INBAR platform, to Strengthen

International Cooperation on Rattan

Standardization

39

3. Technological innovation

Machinery

Improvement of processing technology

40

4. Rattan preservation

Rattan cane discoloration and other

biological decay

Study the safe and effective drugs and

treatment methods

41

Future Work

42

1. High Value-added Utilization of Rattan

Preparation technology of cane carbon-based materials for energy storage

synthesize the carbon electrode material

pyrolysis, modification,

morphology control,

surface and

interface design,

Electrochemical

properties

43


preparation technology of cane carbon-based materials for electromagnetic shieldingmaterial

composite carbonization

surface functionalization

preparation technology of composite

44


preparation technology of cane carbon-based eco-ceramic materials

the rattan carbon as a template combined with

Si, B, N in mesoscopic level

a sol-gel or high temperature permeation

ecological ceramic material with distinct

structural rattan features and excellent

performance.

45


preparation technology of High-ConductivityPolymer Nanocomposites

study the impact of high temperature

carbonization-graphitization treatment on the

conductive properties of carbon powder.

study properties of functional plastics and

rubber and its affected factors, such as

molding method.

obtain conductive rubber, plastics and fibers.

46

2. Outdoor rattan furniture

47

3. Rattan & Wood composite

48

Thanks for Your Attention

49

Environment

Properties of Rattan Cane and its Comprehensive Utilization Technology