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PROTECTING PREDATORSby AA Yaptinchay
Marine Wildlife Watch of the PhilippinesMarine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Fishes Marine Mammals
Difference between
• Warm-blooded
• Breathes through blowholes
or nostrils
• Swim by moving tail up and
down
• Live birth and nurtured with
milk
• Primarily cold-blooded
• Breathes through gills
• Swim by moving tail side by
side
• Primarily egg-laying
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 4
Chondrichthyes
Bony fishes
Osteichthyes
Difference between
• Bony skeleton
• Covered gills (operculum)
• Scales
• Teeth attach to bone
• Has gas bladder
• External fertilization (usually)
• Cartilaginous skeleton
• 5-7 slits of uncovered gills
• Denticles instead of scales
• Teeth attach to gum
• No gas bladder
• Internal fertilization (Male: claspers)
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 5
Shark skin
Fish scalesShark denticles
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 6
Most elasmobranchs have rough, abrasive skin.
Some may even have tiny spikes called denticles.
SharksBatoid Fishes
(skates & rays)
Elasmobranchs
• cylindrical in shape
• 5 external gill openings
• Pectoral fins never attached to
head in front of gill openings
• Mostly flattened
• 5 ventrally-located external gill
openings
• Pectoral fins attached to the head
in front of the gill openings
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 7
Anatomy
Males have a pair of claspers attached near the pelvic fins
92 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Diet
Most sharks have sharp teeth for holding and cutting prey (fish, squid, octopus, marine mammals & birds).
Filter feeders have teeth but they don’t use them for eating. They use
gill rakers to filter zooplankton.
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 10
Photo by JAT Utzurrum Photo by Steve de Neef
Philippine Sharks
The Philippines is among
the TOP 5 countries in the world with high shark
diversity.diversity.
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Download the PDF for free
www.mwwphilippines.org
70
Philippine Shark Species
Sharks
50Batoids
70In year 2000, 120 species were listed in the
Checklist of Philippine Chondrichthyes
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 14
Sharks
50Batoids
94
Philippine Shark Species
Sharks
66Batoids
In year 2005, 160 species were listed in the Checklist of Philippine Chondrichthyes
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 15
Sharks Batoids
• 59% confirmed present
• 41% unconfirmed, but with likelihood for occurrence based on
distributional information
• At least 23% are new records or still undescribed
• 16% are possible endemic species or unique only to the Philippines
200+
Philippine Shark Species
Sharks Batoids
200+
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 16
Sharks Batoids
Elasmobranchs are found throughout
the Philippine Seas
Places of interest:
• Donsol, Sorsogon
– Whale shark feeding aggregation
Philippine Seas
• Manta Bowl, Ticao Pass
– Manta ray cleaning station
• Cagayan de Oro
– Highest concentration of Megamouth
shark strandings
• Malapascua Island, Cebu
– Thresher shark cleaning station
2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod 18
Big-eye Thresher Shark
Alopias superciliosus
222 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
The big-eye thresher shark can be distinguished by its very large eyes
and indented forehead
Common Thresher Shark
Alopias vulpinus
232 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
The common thresher shark can be distinguished by their white
mottled abdomen and relatively small eyes.
Thresher Shark Dive Encounter
The Philippines is the
only place in the world
where you can dive
with thresher sharks!
242 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
with thresher sharks!
Thresher Shark Dive Encounter
Apart from Monad Shoal in Malapascua,
SCUBA divers have also encountered
thresher sharks around:
• Apo Reef, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro
262 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
• Apo Reef, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro
• Burias Pass
• Tubbataha Reef
• Moalboal, Cebu
• Apo Island, Dauin, Negros Oriental
Monad Shoal: Cleaning station
Pelagic thresher sharks regularly visit Monad Shoal to get
cleaned of parasites by cleaner and moon wrasses.
272 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Monad Shoal: Pupping ground
282 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Aside from being a cleaning station, Monad Shoal
shows evidence of being a pupping ground as well.
Pescador Island: Feeding ground
29
Thresher sharks use their tails as whips, which effectively kills or stuns their prey.Unique Fins2 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Life History Characteristics
• Slow-growing
• Long-lived
• Low natural mortality
332 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
• Late sexual maturity
• Low Fecundity
= LOW REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL
= LOW CAPACITY FOR POPULATION INCREASE
Shark Protection in the PhilippinesDomestic Policies
I. Republic Act 8550, The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
a. Section 97. Fishing or Taking of Rare, Threatened or Endangered Species
“It shall be unlawful to take rare, threatened or endangered species as listed
in the CITES and as determined by the Department (DA-BFAR).”
II. Republic Act 10654, An Act to Prevent, Deter and II. Republic Act 10654, An Act to Prevent, Deter and
Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing
a. Section 102. Fishing or Taking of Rare, Threatened or Endangered Species
III. Fisheries Administrative Order No. 193, S. 1998
Ban on the taking, catching, selling, purchasing and possessing, transporting
and exporting of Whale Sharks of Manta Rays (Manta birostris)
342 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Shark Protection in the PhilippinesDomestic Policies
Relevant Laws and Policies
• Fisheries Administrative Orders
– FAO 193 (1998) Whale Sharks and Manta Ray
– FAO 208 (2001) Rare, threatened and endangered species
– FAO 233 (2010) Aquatic wildlife conservation– FAO 233 (2010) Aquatic wildlife conservation
– FAO 233-1 (2011) Export, import and re-export of aquatic wildlife
– FAO 233-2 (2012) Amended for fees
• Tourism Local Ordinances
– Donsol: Whale Shark Sanctuary and interaction guidelines
– Oslob: Whale Shark tourism
– Southern Leyte: Whale Shark tourism
352 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Shark Protection in the PhilippinesDomestic Policies
IV. Local Ordinances
a. City of Batangas
• Ordinance No. 9 s. 2008 – “An Ordinance for the Protection of
Threatened Marine and their Critical Habitats within the Jurisdiction
of Batangas City ”
• Marine species known to be present: whales, dolphins, thresher
sharks, whale shark, marine turtles, some species of sea snake,
humphead wrasse, mouse grouper, corals, mangroves, giant clams,
chambered nautilus, and other shell species
b. Province of Cebu
• Cebu Provincial Board Ordinance No. 2014-15, penalizing the
catching, possession, and trading of all shark and ray species in Cebu.
362 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Shark Protection in the PhilippinesDomestic Policies
c. Municipality of Daanbantayan, Cebu
• Executive Order 16-2015, designated Monad Shoal and Gato Island
as a shark and ray sanctuary, prohibiting catching and trading of all
shark and ray species
• Rare species such as thresher sharks, whitetip sharks, manta rays and
devil rays can be found in these areasdevil rays can be found in these areas
d. Municipality of Panglao
• Panglao Municipal Ordinance No. 02, Series of 2015
• Includes: thresher sharks, oceanic whitetip, hammerhead sharks,
bamboo shark, blacktip shark, reef and giant manta rays, stingray
Myliobatoidei, spotted eagle ray, ribbontail stingray
372 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Shark Protection in the PhilippinesDomestic Policies
e. Palawan Province – Palawan Council for Sustainable
Development (PCSD)
• PCSD Resolution No. 15-521, s. 2015, which approves the updated
list of threatened terrestrial and marine wildlife in Palawan and their
categories, pursuant to RA 9147 or the Wildlife Act
• Sharks and rays listed are sawfishes, hammerhead sharks, pelagic • Sharks and rays listed are sawfishes, hammerhead sharks, pelagic
thresher shark, oceanic white tip, reticulate whip ray, porcupine ray,
tawny nurse shark, bull0head shark, manta ray, reef manta ray, whale
shark, bow mouth guitarfish, white-spotted guitarfish, smooth
hammerhead and the leopard/zebra shark.
382 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Shark Protection in the PhilippinesInternational Policies
I. Conservation of Migratory Sharks (CMS)
The Philippines is a signatory to the CMS Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU), which protects the following:
– Shortfin Mako shark, Basking shark, Whale shark, Longfin Mako
shark, Great White shark, Porbeagle shark and Spiny Dogfish
II. Regional Fisheries Management Organizations II. Regional Fisheries Management Organizations
(RFMOs)
RFMO - an international body made up of countries sharing a
practical/financial interest in managing and conserving
fish stocks in a particular region
III. Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
392 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
• An agreement between governments (known as Parties) • An agreement between governments (known as Parties)
to ensure that wild fauna and flora in international trade
are not exploited unsustainably
• The Philippines signed the Agreement on 18 August 1981
and came into force on 18 November 1981
• Meets every 3 years to approve or disapprove proposals
412 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
422 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Shark Protection in the PhilippinesInternational Policies
Species subject to CITES regulation are divided among three Appendices:
• Appendix I
� Includes species threatened with extinction
� International commercial trade is generally prohibited
• Appendix II• Appendix II
� Includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but trade must be controlled to avoid becoming threatened
� Includes species that resemble those included in Appendix I or II
� International trade is permitted but controlled
• Appendix III
� Includes species for which a country is asking Parties to help with its protection
� International trade is permitted but controlled
432 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Shark Protection in the PhilippinesInternational Policies
Shark and Ray species currently listed under CITES
Species Appendix Philippines
Whale Shark, Rhincodon typus II (2003) Yes
Basking Shark, Cetorhinus maximus II (2003) Unconfirmed
Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias II (2005) Yes
442 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias II (2005) Yes
Oceanic Whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus II (2013) Yes
Scalloped Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna lewini II (2013) Yes
Great Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna mokarran II (2013) Yes
Smooth Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna zygaena II (2013) Yes
Porbeagle or Mackerel Shark, Lamna nasus II (2013) No
All Sawfish species, Pristidae spp. I (2007/2013) 3 species
Giant or Oceanic Manta, Manta birostris II (2013) Yes
Reef Manta, Manta alfredi II (2013) Yes
Treasured Thresher Sharks
The presence of thresher sharks fuels the local dive and tourism industries
in Daanbantayan, which accounts for 80% of the municipal economy.
472 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Treasured Thresher Sharks
The presence of thresher sharks ensures the livelihood of locals in
Daanbantayan and neighboring communities.
482 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
Treasured Sharks at Risk
There is no national or international law that protects
thresher sharks in the Philippines.50
CITES Appendix II Listing
Sri Lanka, formerly one of the world’s leading
thresher shark fishers, submitted a proposal to
list all three species of thresher sharks in
Appendix II.Appendix II.
The listing will be voted on during the
CITES 17th Conference of Parties (CoP) from
24 September to 5 October 2016.
SCHEDULED FOR 29 SEPTEMBER.552 September 2016 at BSpot Eton Cyberpod
#PHsayYES
Appeal to the Philippine Delegation to the 17th CoP to vote YES
to list all three species of thresher sharks
57
#SaveThresherTala
Part of the Shark Stanley Campaign by PEW Charitable Trust in
2013 for elasmobranch CITES listing60
Municipal Resolution
62
The representatives of the people of Daanbantayan have spoken!#DBsaidYes in a
unanimous vote to ask the Philippine Delegate o #CoP17at #CITES to #PHsayYES in
order to #SaveThreaherTala and to#ProtectTheThreshers.
How you can help
• Raise public awareness
• Get government to support the cause
• Get everyone to sign the petition
64
• Get everyone to sign the petition