DISASTER MANAGEMENT POLLUTION

WATER POLLUTION DUE TO OIL SPILL

A sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life.

TYPES

Man-made

Technological – disaster National Civil war, Civil strikes, Transportation – disaster Civil disorders, Bomb Structure collapse Terrorist attackProduction failures International

• Conventional War between countries, Siege, Blockade

• Non – conventional Nuclear, Chemical, Biological

HybridFlood ravage community built in flood plainClearing of extensive jungles causing land slidesLocating of residential, factories etc in avalanches area

Socio - technical Warfare

MAN-MADE HYBRID NATURAL

1 2 3

NatutalNatural phenomena beneath the earth’s

surface

Natural phenomena of complex physical

origin at earth’s surface

Metrological / hydrological phenomena

Biological phenomena

EFFECTSDisasters throughout history have had significant impact on the numbers, health status and life style of populations. ¨ Deaths¨ Severe injuries, requiring extensive treatments¨ Increased risk of communicable diseases¨ Damage to the health facilities¨ Damage to the water systems¨ Food shortage¨ Population movements Health problems common to all Disasters ¨ Social reactions¨ Communicable diseases¨ Population displacements¨ Climatic exposure¨ Food and nutrition¨ Water supply and sanitation¨ Mental health¨ Damage to health infrastructure

MAN - MADE

What’s an oil spill?

•Happen when people make mistakes or are careless and cause an oil tanker to leak oil into the ocean.

•If the equipment breaks down, the tanker may get stuck on shallow land. When they start to drive the tanker again, they can put a hole in the tanker causing it to leak oil.

•Illegal dumpers dump crude oil into the oceans because they do not want to spend money on decomposing their waste oil.

•Natural disasters (like hurricanes) may cause an oil spill. If a hurricane was a couple of miles away, the winds from the hurricane could cause the oil tanker to flip over, pouring oil out.

WHAT EFFECTS DO OIL SPILLS HAVE?MARINE LIFE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

(benthic organisms, fish, sea birds) (marshes, mangroves, corals)

COASTAL ACTIVITIES

(bathing, boating, diving, shoreline contamination)(damage to sand dunes & change in natural profile of the beach)(Impact on fisheries & aquaculture)

Shipname Year Location Spill size (in Tonnes)

Atlantic Empress 1979 Off Tobago, West Indies 287,000

ABT SUMMER 1991 700 nautical miles of Angola 260,000

Castillo De Bellver 1983 Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa 252,000

Amoco Cadiz 1978 Off Brittany, France 223,000

Haven 1991 Genoa, Italy 144,000

Odyssey 1988700 nautical miles off Nova

Scotia, Canada132,000

Torrey Canyon 1967 Scilly Isles, UK 119,000

Sea Star 1972 Gulf of Oman 115.000

Irenes Serenade 1980 Navarino Bay, Greece 100,000

Urquiola 1976 La Coruna, Spain 100,000

World's Top Ten Tanker oil spill

INDIAN CONTEXT

• Coastline of 7500 km

• 11 major, 20 intermediate and 144 minor ports

• 2.2 million sq.km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

• 1100 Million Metric Tonne Per Annum (MMTPA) of oil demand from SEA, EA, Japan & china, mostly from PG in over 100,000 tankers per annum

• India imports approx. 90 MMTPA crude

• Few major oil spills in India

MAJOR OIL SPILLS IN INDIAN WATERS

• Tanker : Transhuron Year : 1974 (Laccadives) Spilt : 36000 tons

• Sagar Vikas (blow down) Year : 1982 (Bombay High) Spilt : 5000 tons

• Tanker : Maersk Navigator Year : 1992 (Andaman Sea) Spilt : 25000 tons

• Bombay High (Offshore) Year : 1993 Pipe line leakage Spilt : 1600 tons

PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Response: includes actions taken to save lives and prevent property damage, and to preserve the environment during emergencies or disasters. The response phase is the implementation of action

plans.

Recovery: includes actions that assist a community to return to a sense of

normalcy after a disaster.

Mitigation: any activity that reduces either the chance of a hazard taking

place or a hazard turning into disaster.

Risk reduction: anticipatory measures and actions that seek to avoid future

risks as a result of a disaster.

Prevention: avoiding a disaster even at the eleventh hour.

Preparedness: plans or preparations made to save lives or property, and help the response and rescue service operations. This phase covers implementation/operation, early warning systems and capacity building so the population will react appropriately

when an early warning is issued.

• International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC) adopted by IMO (International Maritime Organization)• Promulgated in 1995• India accepted OPRC on promulgation

OPRC CONVENTION PROVISIONS:• Designation of the competent national authority.• National operational contact point for receipt of oil pollution reports.• An authority to act on behalf of the state.• A national contingency plan for preparedness and response.• A minimum level of pre-positioned oil combating equipment commensurate with risk involved.• Exercises for oil pollution response & training of relevant personnel.• Detailed plans & communication capabilities for responding to oil pollution incidents.• Up gradation of data in regional & local contingency plan with up-to-date information.• Risk assessment & first response capabilities accordingly by industries & ports.

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION: A BACKGROUND

NATIONAL OIL SPILL DISASTER CONTINGENCY PLAN (NOS-DCP)

• India promulgated NOS – DCP in the year 1996.• Approved by Committee of Secretaries to Government of India.• Coast Guard designated as Central Coordination Authority.

OBJECTIVES:• Intended to delineate entire national preparedness & response system including both public & private resources for responding to all spill emergency.• Provides the basic framework & guidelines for a national response to a significant spill at sea.

NOS – DCP• Earlier Ministry of Defence was nodal agency for coordination.• Now Ministry of Home Affairs is the entity / nodal agency.• NOS – DCP promulgated to all agencies after consent of Ministry of Shipping Road Transport & Highways, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Ministry of Environment & Forests during 1996.

NOS – DCP CONTAINS:• Duties of Indian Coast Guard.• Scope & objective of plan.• Organizational structure.• Reporting & alerting procedures.• Assessment.• Disposal of oil.• Capabilities of resource agencies.

• Tier 1 – Arrangement by the Individual ports & oil handling facilities to deal effectively with small operational spill up to 700 tons.

• Tier 2 – The pooling of government or privately owned resources at a local level to respond incident which may exceed, either in size, complexity or due to its remote location.

• Tier 3 – Arrangements for a combined national or international response to a major oil spill that cannot be dealt with effectively under the tier 2 arrangements. Cooperative arrangements have been established between groups of oil companies for responding to such events.

TIRED RESPONSE CONCEPT – IMO CLASSIFICATION

NOS – DCP RESPONSIBILITIES:• Port authorities responsible action within port limits.• Oil industries in & around their area of operation.• Coastal State PCB for inter tidal zones, beaches & up to depth beyond which CG ships & craft cannot operate.• Coast Guard responsibilities lies beyond port limits.• Director General, Indian Coast Guard has overall responsibility for appropriate response to oil spill incidents.

NOS – DCP PROGRESS:• Industries & ports advised to develop & establish Tier – 1 capability of oil spill response by end 2008.• State PCB have been requested by NOSDCP to prepare the contingency plans for their coastal waters for mitigating the effect of oil pollution.• ICG maintains stockpile of PR equipment capable of combating oil spills up to Tier – 2 level.• MoU’s between resource agencies being encouraged for pooling of resources and manpower.• All Indian flag ships, oil handling facilities in ports, coastal oil refineries & offshore oil platforms operating in the maritime zones of India will have onboard the coast guard approved oil pollution emergency plan by end 2006.• ICG plans to develop its capabilities up to Tier – 3 level of oil spill response.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION:• India surrounded by seven maritime neighbouring countries.• None have any specific oil spill response capability.• Only India has Tier – 2 capability.• India progressing for multilateral agreement for South Asia region.• Regional oil spill contingency plan under the auspices of SACEP for coordinating quick response in the region.

NOS – DCP RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT:• Formulated guidelines for use of oil disperant.• Formulated guidelines for inspection of equipment, contingency plan etc. for ports & resource agencies.• Associated with MoES for –

a) Development of oil spill modeling systemb) Development of environmental risk assessment guidelines for oil spill management in costal watersc) Mapping of eco-sensitive areasd) Development of data base on environmental parameters

TECHNICAL CO - OPERATION:• ICG conducts frequent programme for industry & port personnel.• Conducts frequent mock drill & pollution response exercises to evolve common working / response philosophy & to maintain the response preparedness.• Conducted IMO level – 1 (equivalent) training programme for Sri lanka & short courses for other neighbouring countries.• Conducts frequent exercises with neighbouring countries to fulfill the requirement of regional oil spill emergency plan.• Effort in hand to undertake IMO level 2 & 3 training on oil spill response with assistance from IMO.

TECHNICAL CO – OPERATION PROPOSED TRAINING UNDER SACEP:In order to enhance the regional capabilities in compliance with OPRC conventions following proposed – • Conduct of OPRC level – 2 & 3 course for supervisors & on scene commanders in the region• Regular regional seminar & workshop on

a) Implementation & enforcement of marpol 73 / 78b) Ship recyclingc) Ratification & implementation of the international convention on OPRC – HNS protocol

• Cross deputation of personnel for training / seminars / workshops among South Asian countries to enhance coordination & cooperation• Conduct of pollution response exercises with participating members in the South Asian region

ACHIEVEMENTS:

With accreditation to OPRC & promulgation of NOS – DCP, ICG responded to

1) 68 oil spill incidents in Indian waters.2) Claimed recovery charges worth Rs 8.13 Crores towards cleanup cost3) Provided assistance to the neighbouring countries in pollution

response operations4) Successful response operations confirm usefulness and efficacy of national oil spill disaster contingency plan5) Able to develop trained manpower oil spill response team within the organisation with sustained training and exercises.6) Motivated & pursued industries & stakeholders to develop response capabilities.7) Able to generate awareness amongst the stakeholders about preservation & protection of marine environment.

ACTION FOR FUTURE

• Tightening Flag state Implementation

• Early ratification of other International Conventions

• Strengthening Port State Control

• Improving Owner’s and Technical Manager’s Management Standards

• Elevating Seafarer’s Standards

• Enhancing Safety Culture in ship and terminal operations

• Ensuring contingency plans for coastal state for mitigation of oil spill

effects in coastal areas

• Increasing effectiveness of Coast Guard

• Special Areas and PSSA for Indian Waters

MSC Chitra Oil Spill off Mumbai

MSC CHITRA OIL SPILL OFF MUMBAI• August 7, 2010 (09.48 hrs) – MSC Chitra collided with MV Khalijia – III about 10 Km of Mumbai coast.

• 2662 tonnes fuel oil 283 tonnes diesel 88040 litres of lubricant

• 1200 containers (sodium hydroxide & pesticides)

• Vessel tilted 45 degree soon after collision

• Spillage of about 400 tonnes.

• Coast Guard began combating operation on 8th August using oil spill response vessels & aircrafts for spraying dispersants

• Oil spillage on beaches of Mumbai & neighbouring Raigad areas

• Oil also sighted at Sewri & Colaba areas

• 300 containers tumbled into water so far

• Pesticides bottles were found in Colaba & Raigad areas

• Mumbai & JNPT ports closed for the heavier traffic

• MPT hired SMIT salvage, Netherland company to salvage the containers & resurface the vessel.

MSC Chitra

RESPONSE OPERATION• First of its kind to be mounted in Indian waters.• The Indian Coast Guard deployed 5 ships, one helicopter and one small aircraft to monitor the oil spill & guide the response efforts.• The Dutch company, SMIT Salvage carried out salvage operations.• The assessment of areas affected by the oil spill was carried out by Maharashtra Pollution Control Board.

• The response was an overall success, further improvements can be made by addressing the aforementioned issues such as logistics, communications and the need for expediting customs clearance in the event of an emergency, by the Indian authorities.

• In India, appropriate guidelines and policies such as the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan are in place which provides the guidelines for response for the incidents like this.

• Though the review and implementation of the lessons learned, further improvements can be made to the existing plans to address any further events more efficiently.