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Water resources – future prospects and implications for food security
Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute
Photo: Graeme Williams / IWMI
As water demand increases …..
…need a new approach to water security
Source: UN Water
Global water scarcity
Global grain trading: imbalances likely to increase
Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/graphic/2012/feb/14/water-footprint-world-map
Virtual water: a reflection of global food trends
Water and grains: the vital link
2015 2050
12
22% 1244%
2.4bn 4.8bn
Without investments in water management the number of food-insecure people could double by 2050
Increasing threat by unsustainable water use:
Threat to global economy
Threat to food security
Threat to world’s grain production
39% 50%
Source: IFPRI and Veolia Water, 2013
Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service
Food supply under pressure
Photo: Bob Morris
Source: 10 Things You Ought to Know about Water. Circle of Blue. 2009. http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/infographic-ten-things-you-should-know-about-water/
TRENDS: Transition in water use – agriculture to industrial
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 100 1000 10000 100000
GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)
me
at
co
ns
um
pti
on
(kg
/ca
p/y
r)
Meat China
India
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 100 1000 10000 100000
GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)
milk
co
ns
um
pti
on
(kg
/ca
p/y
r) Milk
China
India USA
USA
Consumption and income (1961-2000)
Source: IWMI
Meat requires 100 times more water than grain protein
Livestock: demand is growing, but water use can be reduced
Can reduce water use by:• Feeding with agricultural by-products and crop residues• Selecting and breeding crops and forages that use water efficiently• Closing crop yield gaps • Increasing animal productivity
e.g. dairy buffalo – reduced water use by more than 75%: from 2350 to 548 litres per kg milk. (ILRI)
Photo: Faseeh Shams / IWMI
Greater variability will impact on food production Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)
Source: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)
Droughts and floods: a growing influence on food prices
Wall Street Journal illustration:http://farmpolicy.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/MI-BQ581_FOOD_G_20120809184205.jpg
Photo: ILRI Mozambique ,2008
Food shortage and price rises – a precursor to food riots
Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
Improved water management now on the global agenda
Source: Global Risks Perception Survey 2014.
World Economic Forum, Global Risks 2015 - Insight Report
The water crisis: a global risk to business
Identifying solutions for a water-stressed world
1. Sustainable groundwater management
2. More efficient use of surface water
3. Living with floods and droughts
4. Re-using waste
Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
Recent data on water withdrawals from USA show that withdrawals in 2010 were lower than at any time in the past 40 years
Demand side management measures can make a difference
Increased water consumption is not inevitable
Economic productivity of water (GDP per 100 gallons)
Source: Pacific Institute
Water withdrawals and GDP
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Canal irrigated area Tank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area
Irri
gate
d ar
ea in
100
0 ha
Canal
Tanks
Growth of irrigation in India driven by groundwater
Source: Mukherji et al. 2013.
India: Twin cases of ‘over-abstraction’ and ‘under-utilization’
Source: IWMI
Improving groundwater governance: Jyotigram Yojana, India
Power rationing led to more sustainable groundwater use, reduced electricity use and increased yields
Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI
Source: IWMI
Jyotigram Yojana – separating electricity feeder lines
Electricity Network Before Electricity Network After
Managing demand: swipe cards for pump operation
Photo courtesy: BMDA, Bangladesh
Photo courtesy: The Water Channel
Providing Incentives for renewable, sustainable and more efficient groundwater use
Photo: Prashanth Vishwanathan / IWMI
Solar pumps – renewable, but sustainable? Getting the incentives right.
Infographic: Rachel Cramer / IWMI
Source: University of Nebraska-Lincoln
The Nebraska solution: recovery of water levels
Incentives in India - rapid expansion of drip irrigation – suitability depends on context
Photo: Hamish John Appelby / IWMI
Precision surface irrigation: A viable alternative to drip irrigation
Pakistan: Land and Water productivity increases, reduced diesel costs
Photos: Arif Anwar / IWMI
Agriculture to urban transfers, China
Agricultural production levels maintained…
… as water allocation to agriculture is reduced and transferred to urban use
Water transfers between sectors can be managed
Source: IWMI. 2007. Transferring water from irrigation to higher valued uses: A case study of the Zhanghe irrigation system in China.
Murray Darling Basin: Water trading system
View graph - http://www.nwc.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0008/29780/Figure-3-8-MurrayGoDarling-Basin-monthly-water-allocation-trading-activity-percentage-of-volume-traded-and-average-price-2008-09-to-2011-12.jpg
Against the grain?: Beer from cassava reduces water demand
Photo courtesy: Nile Breweries Ltd.
Photo courtesy: Wikimedia Commons
Research into action: reducing water use in coffee, Vietnam
• Coffee - 3% of Vietnam’s GDP; employs around 2 million people• Water scarcity is the main threat • Many farmers over-irrigating• Research showed ‘water stress’ and strategic timing of irrigation
boosted yield• Savings on water and production costs
Photo Credit: Creative Commons, Wikimedia
Losses to agriculture from floods and droughts
Source: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Breeding flood-tolerance – “Scuba” rice
• 4 million tons of rice lost to floods in India and Bangladesh, annually• Scuba rice resilient to complete submergence up to 17 days• In India, 12 million hectares of flood-prone land under scuba rice
Source and Photo: IRRI 2008
January-April average min. temperature C°
7.58.08.59.09.510.010.511.011.5
Wh
eat
yiel
d Y
aqu
i Val
ley
(To
n/H
a)
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
2010 2011
20062007
2002
2008
2000
2004
2005
2003
2001
2012
2009
2013y= 11.55 - 0.65X
r2=0.75
Adapting to climate change: Heat-tolerant wheat prove value in
Mexico
10C increase = 700 kg lower yield
2014
Source: H.-J. Braun, CIMMYT
2015
Rethinking storage : Underground ‘taming’ of floods for irrigation (UTFI)
Source: Paul Pavelic / IWMI 2012
Providing information to improve management decsions
Peri-urban: high risk polluted water use driven by city markets
Photo: IWMI
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Dilutedwastewateror polluted
water
Untreatedwastewater
Groundwater Treatedwastewater
River Othersurface
water bodies
Rainfed Irrigationcanal
Opendrainage
Num
ber o
f citi
es
In and around three of four cities in the developing world, farmers use polluted irrigation water for the production
of high-value crops
Global survey - irrigation source in urban & peri-urban areas
Photo: Pay Drechsel/IWMI
Wastewater: a valuable asset
Wastewater re-use: reducing health risks
IWMI‘s role• Assessing the extent of reuse, risks and benefits.• Developing & testing low-cost options for microbial risk reduction
(from farm to fork).• Supporting international guidelines and capacity building.
Securing water for a sustainable agricultural future
Need a major initiative on sustainable groundwater management…
..common problems – but context specific solutions Photo: Hamish John Appleby/IWMI