2/19/15&
1&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
James&C.M. Ahern &&Dept.&of&Anthropology,&University&of&Wyoming&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
OVERVIEW&•&The&Most&Famous&Hoax&
•&Reiner&Protsch&&&the&U&of&Frankfurt&Radiocarbon&Lab&
•&Modern&Human&Origins&
•&The&Fraud&is&Revealed&
•&Bad&News&ConTnues:&More&‘Fossils’&Succumb&to&RedaTng&
•&Before&and&AYer:&How&Has&the&InterpretaTon&Changed?&
•&The&Rise&of&the&German&Early&Modern&Human&Fossil&Record&
•&What&Should&We&Learn?&
2/19/15&
2&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
1912&\&Piltdown&
“Eoanthropus,dawsoni”,
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
1983&
2009&koanicsoul.com,
2/19/15&
3&
Models&of&Modern&Human&Origins&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
The,Last,30,Years,
Overall&Regional&ConTnuity&
1984&
Classic&MRE&Wolpoff&et&al,&1984&
Complete&Replacement&
1990&
Classic&RAE&Stringer&&&Andrews,&1988&
African&Origin&+&
Admixture&
Today&2006&
AssimilaTon&Smith&et&al,&2005&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Thousand Years Before Present
Biology
Culture
200 60 30 0
2/19/15&
4&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Ins$tut'de'Paléontologie'humaine'1912'
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger
Krapina Hominid 3 The �C� Skull
Excavations at Krapina
2/19/15&
5&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Feldhofer The Original “Neandertal”
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
1931:'Vogelherd'Cave'Modern,human,remains,,
associated,with,Aurignacian,
1952:'Kelsterbach'Modern,human,remains,
31,200±600,BP,,
(FraH5;,Protsch,&,Semmel,1978),
1973:'Hahnöfersand'Modern,human,remains,
36,300±300,BP,,
(FraH24;,Bräuer,1980),
1974:'Binshof'Modern,human,remains,
21,300±320,BP,,
(FraH40;,Henke,1980),
1976:'Paderborn'Modern,human,remains,
27,400±600,BP,,
(FraH15;,Henke,&,Protsch,1978),
2/19/15&
6&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
1993&
Neandertals&
Modern&Humans&
Neandertals'Replaced'by'‘HyperLModerns’'
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Danube&Corridor&Hypothesis&Modern&Humans&=&Aurignacian&
2/19/15&
7&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Thomas&Terberger&Ernst\Moritz\Arndt\Universität&Greifswald&
OstseeHseitung.de,
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
40 30 20
Thousand Years Before Present 0
Culture
Biology
10
36&ka&
31.2&ka&
27.4&ka&
21.3&ka&
Hahnöfersand'
Kelsterbach'
Paderborn'
Binshof'
7500&BP&
238&BP&
3090&BP&
?&
2/19/15&
8&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
On&trial&in&2009&koanicsoul.com,
Revisions&in&Chronology:&Western&Central&Europe&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Binshof & && 21.3±0.32&ka& 0.31±0.05&ka&
Hahnöfersand& 36.3±0.30&ka& 7.5±0.06&ka&
Kelsterbach& 31.2±0.05&ka& missing&
Paderborn& 27.4±0.60&ka& 0.24±0.04&ka&
Vogelherd '' Aurignacian' 3.98±0.03'ka'4.99±0.04'ka'
Old' New'
2/19/15&
9&
Revisions&in&Chronology:&Eastern&Central&Europe&
Svitávka& Aurignacian?& 1.18±0.05&ka&
Velika&Pećina& 33.9±0.52&ka& 5.05±0.04&ka&
Zlatý&Kůn& 27.4±0.60&ka& 12.9±0.07&ka&
Balla && ≈20\22.3&ka&
Krems\Hundssteig&&
Graveqan?&
6.67±0.05&ka&
≈3.5&ka&
Velika&Pećina&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Old' New'
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Oblazowa&31.0±0.55&ka&14C&
Krems\Wachtberg&26.58±0.16&ka&14C&
Oase&1:&34.29+0.97/\0.87&ka&14C&Oase&2:&28.89&+∞/\0.17&ka&14C&&
Görömby\&Tapolca&
30.3+0.3&ka&14C&
Western&CE&•&Mostly&isolated&teeth&
&\&uncertain&affiniTes&
•&Uncertain&daTng&
Cioclovina&29.0\30.0&ka&14C&
Muierii&28.5\29.0&ka&14C&
Mladeč&Chamber&D&30.7\31.5&ka&14C&
Central'European'Early'Moderns'
2/19/15&
10&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
85&
90&
95&
100&
105&
110&
115&
120&
125&
0& 0.5& 1& 1.5& 2& 2.5& 3& 3.5&
15&
20&
25&
30&
35&
40&
45&
0& 0.5& 1& 1.5& 2& 2.5& 3& 3.5&12&
14&
16&
18&
20&
22&
24&
26&
28&
30&
0& 0.5& 1& 1.5& 2& 2.5& 3& 3.5&
Parietal&Sub
tense&
(mm)&
Neand
ertals& e.&M
oderns&
Recent&Euro.&
Paderborn&
Kelsterbach&
Neand
ertals&
e.&M
oderns&
Recent&Euro.& Paderborn&
Kelsterbach&
Occipital&Sub
tense&
(mm)&
Paderborn&
Kelsterbach&
Neand
ertals&
e.&M
oderns&
Recent&Euro.&
Maxim
um&Frontal&Breadth&
(mm)&
Neandertal& Early&Modern& Recent&European&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
15&
14&
13&
12&
11&
10&
&9&
&8&
&7&
&6&
&5&
Early&Neand
ertals&
Early&Mod
erns&
Recent&Euro.&
Late&Neand
ertals&
Redated&“Early&M
oderns”&
Lateral&Sup
raorbital&Thickne
ss&
(mm)&
Neandertal& Early&Modern& Paderborn&“Early&Modern”&
Recent&Modern&
2/19/15&
11&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Oase&2&
Muierii& Cioclovina&
Mladeč&6&
Mladeč&5&
•&Long,&flat&frontal&&•&Occipital&bunning&or&&&&&&&hemi\bunning&&•&No&ext.&occipital&protub.&&•&Medially&limited&nuchal&&&&&&torus&&•&Oval&suprainiac&fossa&&•&Prominent&juxtamastoid&&•&H\O&mandibular&foramen&&•&Asymmetrical&&&&&&mandibular¬ch&&•&Medially&displaced&&&&&mandibular¬ch&crest&
See:&Trinkaus&2007.&
Exhib i t ing Neanderta l Features &
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Vindija,Cave,
2/19/15&
12&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
1,–,4%,Neandertal,contribu]on,to,living,Eurasians,
≈20%,of,the,Neandertal,genome,survives,in,living,humans,
BBC.com,
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Overall&ConTnuity&
Complete&Replacement&
Very&unlikely&
Very&unlikely&
AssimilaTon& Likely&
Available,evidence,is,,
unable,to,falsify,any,
but,the,extreme,
hypotheses.,
2/19/15&
13&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
A&scenario&whereby&there&was&a&gradient&of&gene&flow&&commensurate&with&the&AssimilaTon&Model&(Smith&et&al.,&1989,&2005;&Ahern&et&al.,&2013)&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
•&RedaTng&of&specimens&has&changed&our&understanding&
•&Recently&discovered&fossils&have&also&shiYed&our&&&&&&understanding&of&the&transiTon.&
•&The&earliest&modern&humans&were¬&“hyper\modern”&
•&Recent&genomic&results&have&focused&our&a|enTon&on&the&&&&&explanatory&middle&ground&
•&Persistence&of&Neandertal&traits&is&commensurate&with&&&&&AssimilaTon&
2/19/15&
14&
D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t h r o p o l o g y �
Franfurter,Rudnschau,&June&17&2009,
•&Science&works&.&.&.&but&too&slowly?&
•&No&academic&should&be&above&scruTny&&\&Academics&should¬&be&untouchable&
•&Importance&of&replicaTon&of&results&&\&Must&be&encouraged,¬&discouraged&& &Funding&agencies&& &University&hiring&and&T&P&
•&Importance&of&teaching&scienTficðics&
•&More&severe&consequences&for&misconduct&