FOOD SECURITY IN URBAN SLUMS

HULT PRIZE 2013 (SAN FRANCISCO)

BY TEAM SAASTEV IIT Kharagpur

| ABHISHEK JHA |ANURAAG GUTGUTIA | GAURAV DAHAKE | ROHIT SHAH | SIDDHARTH VERMA |

1

AGENDA

• Scenario

• Saastev: The Organizational Structure

• Scalability: Franchise Model

• Project Plan

• Sustainability

• Summary, References & Acknowledgements

2

URBAN SLUMS : A SCENARIO CASE 2013

3

Works 12 hours Earns

$ 2.6/day

Spends>30% of income

Resorts to Dark Means for sustenance

200,000,000such people

Vicious cycle of misery

3 YEARS LATER…

URBAN SLUMS : A SCENARIO CASE 2016

4

Earns $ 5/day

3 times meal

Access to clean water

Lower Healthcare spending

Cycle of prosperity

WHAT BROUGHT ABOUT THIS CHANGE ?

SAASTEV: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

SAASTEV (SETUP IN URBAN SLUMS)

SUPPORT TEAMS(IT & ANALYST)

FOOD MANAGEMENT

PROGRAMS

MICRO-CREDIT & SMS PROGRAM

HEALTHCARE AND OTHER ALLIED

ACTIVITIES

EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM

AWARENESS DRIVE

5

FOOD MANAGER : CUSTOMER’S POINT OF VIEW

AWARENESS

ACCESSIBILITY

ACCEPTIBILITY

APPROPRIATE

6

FOOD MANAGER : 3-STAGE APPROACH

Need-gap analysis

Processing

Distribution

Analyze current Diet pattern and nutrition requirementsMAP THE NEED GAP (Analysis of customer requirements)

MANAGE THE BACKPACK (Processing & Storage) Excess food would be collected and appropriately processed A storage facility would be designed for the same

REACH THE CUSTOMERS (Distribution)Via local retail stores and mobile distribution system

7

EXCESS FOOD MANAGEMENT

8

Food Collection• Collection of excess food from Parties,

Airlines, Cafeterias, grocery stores, warehouses

• Slum dwellers are engaged in collection

Food Segregation• Smart Plastic changes color based upon O2

content• Container with such material would indicate

freshness of food based upon O2/CO2 content

Food Usage

• Usable food• Partially usable food• Non-usable food

Stuffed food between wheat bread

PROCESSING

One Machine (Grinding – Stuffing – Heating)

Shelf Life : 4 Months

Similar to Potato Chips

Shelf Life : 1 day

Dehydrated Tortilla

Stuffed Tortilla

9

Micronutrients in the form of different flours

Excess Segregated Food

FOOD STORAGE

Food products (fruits/ vegetables) stored in a specially designed structure (named GEMINUS –(double) OLLA (pot) ,which acts like a cold storage

Serves as an alternative to store perishable food (Fruits/Vegetables) for longer periods

Can be implemented in every farmer’s house in the form of a pot in between another pot

Provides a source of employment

GEMINUS OLLA

10

CLEAN KITCHEN FACILITY

Procurement • Near FOOD MANAGER a kitchen facility would be there

Cooking

• The GoI has a program that distributes foodgrains at 4-8 cents a kg upto 35 kg a month

• Slum dwellers can come in and cook their food here.

Distribution • Slum dweller can take this clean and safe food back to their home

11

12

2.5 Billion people lack access to proper sanitation

1 Billion people lack access to nutritious food

Yet 5.1 Billion people have a mobile phone!

SMS & MICRO-CREDIT CARD PROGRAM

- Name of all family members- Their ages - Medical history- Mobile number(s)

STEP 1: Registration of Slum Dwellers (per household)

STEP 2: ID Connection to the Micro-credit account

- An ID to all family members would be given - A micro-credit card would be given to one women per household- The micro-credit card is tied up with the mobile account

STEP 3: Registration complete

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SMS PROGRAM

SMS sent by subscriber

Filtered data fed to the nutrient

calculator

Nutrients required by subscriber calculated

Fed to the local server

Optimization on server

SMS sent to subscriber

14

MICRO-CREDIT CARD PROGRAM

Micro-credit card issued to the slum dweller

Meena takes the card and goes for shopping

Maximum of 4 micro nutrient packets per day at very low cost

Vendor updates Meena’s account

15

MICRO-CREDIT PROGRAM

Microfinance Institution(MFI) Partnership and benefits to card holder

Saastev+

MFI

Micro credit card holder gets loanfor accessories and business

Partnership

Micro - Lending

16

HEALTHCARE: COLLOBORATION WITH PARTNERS

We would provide distribution channels to our health partners such as GOONJ

- Sanitary Napkins

- Cheap Contraceptives - Mosquito Repellents

17

HEALTHCARE AND SANITATION PROGRAM

80% of diseases in developing nations are water and sanitation related

People from urban slums pay on average 4-100x more per liter of water

Women and girls spend 1-3 hours each day collecting water

Governments spend $ 16 billion in alleviating water related health ailments

18

CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION

Central Water System

Distribution channels

Safe and healthy slum

dwellersPortion

allocated to Saastev

19

AWARENESS PROGRAM

+

SENSITIZATION CAMPAIGNS

SOCIAL MARKETING

“It is not about provisionof facilities, Its abouteducating about these”

“1/3rd of all child deaths are linked to under nutrition. Intervening in first 1,000 days will stop its irreversible effects”

OTHER SPECIAL PROGRAMS

MOBILE EDUCATION

MATERNAL PROGRAM

SUPPORT PROGRAMMES

Nutrition Related Message on Food packets in Local Language

T-shirts with Slogans at low cost

Door to Door Info by NGO and volunteers

Pre-Recoded Voice System in Rickshaws

Eduation through gamification of information

Special Training for:

- Child Nutrition in first 1000 days

- Newborn health and care

- Preventing disease transfer

- Child Delivery

Drug Addiction Removal

Clean Water Provision Local Industry training:

- Tourism in Brazil- Garment Industry(Dhaka)

Cooking Demonstrations

EXAMPLE OF MESSAGES ATTACHED WITH SPRINKLES PACKAGING IN DHAKA:

A checklist to remind moms when to feed the child meals fortified with Sprinkles. ‘

The images describe :

- Good child care/nutrition practices

- Cleaning hands before feeding

- Feeding a child food rich in various veggies and fish;

- Using an entire pack of Sprinkles to feed a child per day;

- Breastfeeding

- Not feeding too liquid a porridge to a child;

- Not storing food mixed with Sprinkles (the iron in the mix can oxidize and turn the food dark)

Source: Integrating Early Childhood Development (I-ECD) Project, Maternal & Child Health/Nutrition, PATH

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AWARENESS VIA GAMIFICATION OF INFORMATION:

- Whenever a person is being registered through our NGO partners an extension (.jar/.apk) file would be installed through which we would have questions at various milestones in a game.

Q: What food gives you proteins ?

21

EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM

• Aim: - To create social capital in terms of providing jobs to

the urban slum dwellers- Remove ‘Disguised unemployment’- Teach them how to fish in the long run

Day Labourer

Nanny Rickshaw puller

Sweeper Car driver Domestic Work

Small Business

Garments Others

15

3

13

19

5 46

12

23Employment distribution in Dhaka Slums (in %)

Program

Direct Employment Allied Activities Job Search

Waste Food Collection

Awareness Campaigns

Construction of ‘Geminus Olla’

Mobile sellers

Mobile Water product

Pisciculture etc

Truck drivers

Local Industry

SAASTEV

22

MODEL FOR JOB SEARCH THROUGH BABAJOBS

Available Data

We have the database of Urban Slum Dwellers in the region of our operation consisting of: Name, Mobile No, Present Occupation, Skill sets, Expected Income range

Local Data with Saastev

Data provided

Babajobs Team feeds data into their ‘Job Search

Server’

Analyst Team:Categorisation

(Based on Skills , Location and

expected salary) Job Results

Returned for each applicant

SMS Sent to the Shortlisted

regarding the job by Saastev

(A mail also sent to Saastev Job Server

for Reminder) (Select Candidates

for each job)(Interview, Verification

and Hire)

23

SCALABILITY: MICRO-FRANCHISE MODEL

Innovative community generated food bank –”FOOD MANAGER ” : Eg- Lijjat Papad

A loop of self-sustainability through revamped ICT infrastructure ( m-FOOD MANAGER )

Innovative employment channel by use of job-listing networks Eg: Babajobs

Global Partnerships with FMCG & Telecom Co.

Backend for m-FOOD MANAGER (IT & Analyst support)

Customer Acquisition Support

Partnership with job-listing networks globally

NOVELTY:

BENEFICIARY AGREEMENT:

Easily Replicable

Faster business scalability

Long run profitability

Massive social impact

BUSINESS IMPACT:

24

FRANCHISE BUILDING

Proportion of country’s population living in slums (UN-Habitat Def):

25

Donor funding

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Idea Validation At Hult SF

Background study and development of innovative solutions

Pilot on a slum of 5K

Business model fine tuning

Launch in 5 slums

Franchise launch

Feedback

Launch of water purification

Program for

maternal health and childcare

2013

Idea gestation, Business model fine tuning

Pilot, Market testing, collaboration

Member reg

SMS setup

FOOD MANAGER launch

Beta launch

Additional programs

Scalability

Dec

PROJECT PLAN FOR 2013

26

US $ 1m

SUSTAINABILITY

HOW TO MEASURE?

TARGET MARKET-Size- Gap- Characteristics- Geography

OPERATIONAL & FINANCIAL STABILITY-Covering Costs- Breaking Even- Generating Surplus

RIGHT TEAM MIX-Good Business Sense-Experienced advisors- Visionary- Local Knowhow

VALUE AND IMPACT- Social Capital- Reach- Promote Talent pipeline-

Business Enterprise

Social EnterpriseGoal

Profit Making

Creating Social Capital

More than gaining profit out of the business, social entrepreneurs aim to provide people a source of income and teaching them how to fish for themselves in the long run.- The Skoll Foundation

- ~ 200 million people living without near world’s cities- Lack of access to nutritious , safe and affordable food- Model can be easily replicated across geographies (Franchise Model)

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IMPACT AND VALUE

• Information dissemination regarding healthy diet pattern

• Optimization of Savings

Food Fortification

SMS Based Program

• Improve the Cost Benefits Ratio• Improve productivity and lower health

care system costs

• Linking the Slum Dwellers to the available job opportunities

• Ecosystem to enable them fish in the long run

Employment Program

• Effective utilization of the excess food• Making nutritious food accessible and

affordable to allFood Manager

• Concept of food credits to engage them in community welfare

• Creating a right value chain

Micro-credit Program

• Information dissemination regarding the healthy diet pattern

• Provision of clean drinking water

Health Care & Sanitation

Cost per person per year in IRON fortification through cereals $.12Productive work associate with anemia (with light work/heavy/others) 5% / 17% / 4%

Per Capita GDP $ 430

Population in anemia 37%

Per capita productivity loss US $ 4.04

Cost benefits ratio 1:8

Cost Benefits Ratio: Perceived benefits for Iron- Illustration by World Bank

Productivity loss = 4% * Wage share in GDP* Per capita GDP * Pr(anemiaNL) + 17% * Wage share in GDP* Per capita GDP * Pr(anemiaHL) + 1% * Wage share in GDP* Per capita GDP * Pr(anemiaLL) Source: ‘Guidelines on Food fortification with Micronutrients’- World Bank and FAO

“”Nutrition-specific interventions will only reduce global stunting by one third, the remaining will need to be tackled through nutrition sensitive development”

– DFID

In Ethiopia, 4,300 sets of counselling cards in three local languages were distributed to the health facility by IYCN

195 million children under five years of age are chronically malnourished because of long-term exposure to a poor diet and repeated infection.

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COST OF ENSURING FOOD SECURITY

• Family of 5- Needs 300 meals a month• Cost of 1 nutritious meal currently =$0.4 • For a family that is about = $ 120/month ( > income)• Total meals for Saastev to prepare/day = 10*1000• Cost of ensuring nutritious meals in a slum= $3600

– Labor cost (transportation, packaging and distribution) = $ 1500/month– Nutrition expert cost - >$ 800/month– Packaging cost = $ 300/month– Micronutrient cost = $ 1000/month

Cost of ensuring nutritious meals for 1 family at Sastev = $ 3.6/month/family

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LOOP OF SUSTAINABILITY

Slum dweller

Mobile top-ups/

FMCG products

Income = $ 100/month

Spending = $ 30/month1 food

points = 1 meal

42% expenditure recovered

FMCG/ telecom

companies share5%

profit

$30*0.05 = $1.5

We retain their

consumers

Spending on FMCG/

Food increases

Income

Sastev gets sustainable

Gets 30 loyalty food points

30

TEAM

AnuraagGutgutia

UniversityMajorMobile

• IIT KGP• Electrical Engineering• +91-9547144177•

- Cofounder, Univect - Author of Change, NSEF

Lead, Analyst & IT Responsibility

Abhishek Jha

• IIT KGP• Electrical Engineering• +91-9547890926

•

- Project lead, BloodAce - Cofounder, EFTY

Lead, Waste Management

RohitShah

• IIT KGP• Electrical Engineering• +91-9046669110

•

- Product developer with Schneider Electric- 2 patents in Energy

Lead, FOOD MANAGER and m-FOOD MANAGER

GauravDahake

• IIT KGP• Industrial Engineering• +91-9775550519

•

- World’s top 100Innovator , Moscow

Lead , Employment Prog

SiddharthVerma

• IIT KGP• Electronics Engineering• +91-9547825319•

Lead, Microcredit

- Cofounder, Univect - Fellow, Waste to Watts

31

ACCOLADES & PAST AFFILIATIONS FOR TEAM

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ADVISORY BOARD

1) Mr Debjeet Sen, MPA, MS Program Associate, Integrating Early Childhood Development (I-ECD) Project Maternal & Child Health/Nutrition PATH, Kenya

2) Mr. Ram KrishnaswamyManaging Director of Novo Design Concepts Pty Ltd, Retd. Managing Director, Noise Control Australia Pvt. Ltd

3) Prof Dhrubes BiswasProfessor of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, &Head, School of Engineering Entrepreneurship, IIT KharagpurProf-in-Charge of Incubation and Entrepreneurship, & MD, STEP

4) Mr. Suvrat Bafna Food Technologist,

United Nations World Food Program, Ethiopia 5) Yashveer Singh Co-Founder and Director, NSEF Starting-Bloc fellow ; Agent of Change by Deccan Chronicle

33

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- ALUMNI NETWORK:

- ORGANISATIONS:

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SUMMARY

METRIC GUIDING QUESTIONS SOLUTION

FOOD MANAGER +

MICROCREDIT

FOOD WHEEL+ SANITATION

SMS + AWARENESS PROGRAM

FOOD MANAGER

FOOD MANAGEMENT

EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM

SOLUTION

FOOD MANAGER +

MICROCREDIT

FOOD WHEEL+ SANITATION

SMS + AWARENESS PROGRAM

FOOD MANAGER

FOODMANAGEMENT

EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM

SAASTEV

JOIN HANDS WITH US

35

THANK YOU

Q&A?

36

BACKUP SLIDES

• IT TEAM

• ANALYST TEAM

• FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY & IMPACT

• TIMELINE FOR OPERATION IN A SLUM

• FOOD COLLECTION

• SMS & MICRO-CREDIT

IT TEAM: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS

IT Analyst Team(A group of around 30-40 people per

slum)

Maintenance of SMS based system and apps.•Maintain and add new apps for slum dwellers

Database Management•Maintain and update database of slum dwellers to be used by Food Credit Card system

Online management•Keep the organisation active online •Keep track of all kinds of donations etc. from NGOs, govts. etc.

Service Provider•Cater to all kinds of calls and doubts from slum dwellers

ANALYST TEAM

A dedicated team of 200 Analysts working globally for analysis and geographical mapping of food insecurity in Urban Slums

Analysts(collect, manage and analyse data)

Work closely with national government, UN partners and NGOs

Type of Data to be Collected

1.Demography Mapping2. Assess Food Needs during Emergency

Conditions +Nutritional Analysis3. Employment related Data

ANALYST TEAM

Technologies used by Analyst Team

Geographic Information System

Mobile data collection platforms

such as phones, tablets and personal

digital assistants

Forecast and response analysis

FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

- On an average 70% of slum dwellers from one slum user use one kind of a connection

- Fortune at the BOP is a reality when tied with appropriate financial innovation

FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY: BUSINESS MODEL

Customer

FMCG companies

Telephone companies

Shop

5% loyalty reward

5% loyalty reward

Saastev

Shares 5% profit

Shares 5% profit

Helps retain consumer

FINANCING: FUNDS INFLOW

Funds Inflow

Revenue

SMS based system –

Mobile

Providers

Credit Card System –

FMCG Co.

Food/ Health

care Products – Retail Stores

Mobile

Selling of

Water Packet

s

Charity/Donations

NGOs Govt. Agencies

Farm Houses

40%60%

REVENUE CALCULATIONS

• Average family earning monthly = $100/month• Average urban family spends $15/month on ICT• And it spends about $ 15/month on personal care, food, personal care

items from FMCG etc. • They get 30 credits for dollar 30 worth of buying. • And Saastev gets $ 30*0.05 = $1.5 /month from every household. • So we are able to generate half of the revenue from food. • Other would be generated from donations and • In future there would be an increase in spending in ICT and personal care

which would make the system more sustainable.

COST CALCULATIONS

• Cost / nutritious meal = $ 0.4• Saastev gets processed food for free - Transportation cost = $ 800 /month/Slum(of 5000) (20 kg/person/hour)• Need 8 such people for transporting 1200 kg of food for thousand households for 2 times a day to food repository and back.)Cost of them = 8*($ 100) - Food distribution according to nutrition = $1.6K - Packaging = $ 0.01 packet = $ 300 / month - Packaging laborers = $ 500/month

Total cost = $ 3200/month = $ 3.2/ month/family for no profit no loss

TIMELINE FOR OPERATION IN A SLUM

Analyst Team

IT Team

Employment Program

Awareness Program

Food Bank

SMS Program

Waste Management

MC Card System

Water Purification System

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Month

OPERATION STRUCTURE IN A SLUM

BUSINESS IMPACT ON THE FRANCHISE

Sole organization start-up phase

With Franchisee

Easily Replicable

Faster business scalability

Long run profitability

Massive social impact

Time

Org

aniza

tion

Grow

th C

urve

FOOD WHEEL: THE DECISION MAKER

Food compositions Decision maker

Excess Segregated food

Nutritious food

Local Food Item

Mass in Kg

Food Ingredients Calculator

Segmented with constraints of need, technology and cost of preservation, life time of preservation

From map the need gap : Demand of food composition for various target segments like General male-female , patients and special cases like pregnancy

WASTE FOOD COLLECTION

Develop a Council for weekly/ daily food waste collection service.

Truck service could be used for waste collection and people can be employed from the same slum.

Recycling credits could be given as a direct financial incentive to encourage more recycling and reduce the amount of rubbish to be sent to landfill.

WASTE FOOD SEGREGATION

Use of ‘Smart plastics’ Technique : Detect change in colour

Developed by Professor Andrew Millsat Strathclyde University.

Utilizes a color-based oxygen indicator to show when oxygen has got into the pack

Also possible to control its recovery once the package is opened to create a 'consume-within' indicator

For the smart oxygen-sensitive plastics a semiconducting material, titanium dioxide is used

COLLECTED FOOD USAGE

Food would be segregated into 3 waste categories:1. Usable Food2. Partially Usable Food3, Unusable Food

Reusable food can be used under the recycling and reusable credit system.

Unusable part can be used to produce biogas (heat and energy) in incineration plants or manure in fertilizer factories.

Meena takes fresh bags

Meena now is rest assured of a healthy next month of her family

Mobile H2O vendor begins deliveries

Meena gives him used bags subscription card

Her subscription allots her 5 bags/day for 6 monthsVendor updates Meena’s account

The circle of clean water

MICRO-CREDIT PROGRAM

Micro Credit Card Details

Micro Credit Card Benefits

Partnered with Microfinance Institution (Kiva)

Loan for accessories such as "solar cooker”Loan benefits only through credit rating screening

process for guaranteed returns

Discounted Food Purchase from partner "Retail Stores”Act as a virtual bank for currency storage

Issued preferably to women of the householdDetails of card holder(name, phone number) stored in database

Maximum of say X number of people can be supported on one card issued

MICRO-CREDIT PROGRAM

Creation of “Credits”

for Card Holder

Local Currency Deposition by the

Card Holder

Organizational Job Credits

Local Currency Deposition through

any kind of external donations

Regular Food Discount Cupons

Food Credits (Partnership with Telecom provider) Recycling

Credits(Promote reuse and recyclye)

m-FOOD MANAGER WORKING

SMS/ Call by Natha

Past data checked

Filtered Data fed

to the Nutrient Calculato

r

Output 1:

Nutrients of Each

type Required for Natha

Output 1 is fed to the local

server

Optimization on server

SMS Sent to Natha

- ID and budget sent- Specific disease if any mentioned

- Last 7 days food and nutrients

- Occupation- Cultural identity- Location- Budget

- What to buy- Where to buy

- Maintained by IT team- Contains info: * Food * Calorie content * Price in local market

- Adopted from the Australian Ministry of Health website

OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE

Objective Function:• Minimize: - Cost of (Required nutrients made available through different food/diet options)

• Subject to the following constraints:- Cost for purchasing <= The budget by the inquirer- Food suggested non-allergic to specific disease- Suggested food quantities are in integer/respective weight values- Occupation - Cultural identity and food preference- Location

Reference 1) Starting-Bloc fellow ; Agent of Change by Deccan Chronicle2) Journal of Nutrition,2001, 131(2S-2) , processing methodology : 604S – 614S3) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 25 , National Agriculture Library4) Alzamora SM, Tapia MS and López-Malo A (2000)Minimally processed fruits and

vegetables: fundamental aspects and applications Springer, Page 266. ISBN 978-0rld -8342-1672-3.

5) Food waste collection service leaflet, Government of Norwich 6) Mobile Innovations that are Changing India and the World, Brindaa Lakshmi K | October

28, 20127) Not Just a Piece of Cloth Sept 2011, Goonj 8) How about a job portal for maids, drivers or aayahs, Priyanka Golikeri 9) Evans, Lisa. "The Advent of Mechanical Refrigeration Alters Daily Life and National

Economies Throughout the World".10) Source:State of Food Insecurity in the World,FAO, 201211) Focus on woman , World Food program

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Why fortify?

•Preventing up to four out of ten childhood deaths*•Lowering maternal deaths by more than one third**•Increasing work capacity up to 20%**•Improving population IQ by 10-15 points***

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The Micronutrient Initiative, 2004.*Derives mainly from Vitamin A**Derives mainly from iron nutrition***Derives mainly from iodine sufficiency

Fortification of Cereal Flours

62

How much do fortificants cost?

63

Nutrient Cost/RDAVit. A (250 CWS) 3000 IU 0.00079$ Vit. D (100 CWS) 200 IU 0.00011$ Vit. E (50% CWS) 22.35 IU 0.00250$ Thiamin 1.2 mg 0.00004$ Riboflavin 1.3 mg 0.00005$ Pyridoxine 1.3 mg 0.00005$ Niacin 16 mg 0.00026$ Folic Acid 400 µg 0.00008$ Vitamin B12 2.4 µg 0.00010$ Vitamin C 90 mg 0.00257$ Fe (FeSO4 x 1H2O) 8 mg 0.00008$ Total 0.00662$

Male RDA

Estimated Fortificant Costs to Reach Nutritional Goals Through Food Fortification

641: Includes processing and storage overages. Source: Modified from Omar Dary A2Z- 18 Sept. 2007

Women Nutritional CostEAR Goal per person1

(mg/day) (% EAR) (US$/year)Calcium Solid-Food 833.333 60 0.584

Iron-NaFeEDTA Flour 13.243 80 0.193Vitamin E Dry Food 6.250 60 0.162

Vit. C Beverage 34.615 40 0.142Vit. A Flour or sugar 0.357 80 0.087

Iron-electrolytic Flour 40.524 80 0.045Vit. A Oil 0.357 80 0.031

Vitamin D Dry Food 0.005 80 0.028Vit. B-3 (Niacin) Flour 10.769 40 0.021

Zinc Flour 8.167 80 0.020Vit. B-12 Flour 0.001 80 0.014

Vit. B-9 (Folate) Flour 0.188 80 0.015Vit. B-2 Flour 0.917 60 0.009Vit. B-6 Flour 1.083 40 0.008Vit. B-1 Flour 0.917 40 0.005Iodine Salt 0.107 100 0.002

Micronutrients Vehicle

Benefit: Or the costs of malnutrition

20982

1441

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Estimated economic lossto VMD (US$ mio)

Fortification cost (US$mio)

65

Based on the UNICEF/MI publication: “Vitamin & Mineral Deficiencies: A global damage assessment report, 2004Fortification Cost: 100% coverage at 50% daily requirement of A, B1, B2, PP, B12,I + 100% of FA and Fe

66

Effective fortification is affordable,ineffective fortification is expensive.