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English pig production and CIRCOVAC piglet field
experience
VETERINARYGROUP
Jake Waddilove MA, VetMB, MRCVSEastgate Veterinary Group
Bury St [email protected]
2
The British Pig Industry
Breeding herd trends
516 514 515
475 470
441
468
449 455
436423 427
445 438455 450
460 460
350
375
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475
500
525
550
575
600
Jun-03 Jun-04 Jun-05 Jun-06 Jun-07 Jun-08 Jun-09 Jun-10 Jun-11
000 head
?
BPEX
Where are all the pigs?
• 10,000 pig premises• 1600 assured farms
account for 92% production
• 35 companies account for 50% of breeding herd
• 10 companies account for c. 35% of breeding sows
How are our sows kept?
• No Stalls
• 59% of sows indoors– Sows usually confined for farrowing– Freedom/welfare crates
• 41% of sows outdoors- Sows not confined
Source: DEFRA
7
How are our finishers kept?
• 97% finished indoors
• 39% on fully slatted floors
• 30% on partially slatted floors
• 31% on solid floors with bedding (e.g. Straw) – Premium product
• 3% finished outdoors - Freerange
Source: Based on AFS data
9
10
UK clean pig slaughterings
14.35
12.37
10.45
9.13 8.97 8.90 9.27 9.19 8.829.78
10.7010.26
8.97
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
million head
BPEX
UK clean pig carcase weights
69.1 69.2
70.8
72.172.7
74.174.7
75.1 74.9
76.276.6
78.178.9 79.1
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
kg
BPEX
UK pig meat production
1047
923
781 795
716 708 706 697
739 740720
802
874
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
000 tonnes
BPEX
UK pig prices (DAPP)
BPEX
p/kg dw
EU and UK pig meat reference prices
BPEX
UK feed prices
BPEX
Production costs vs DAPP
BPEX
Profitability in the pig chain12 week periods
BPEX
In 12 weeks to 23/1/11
• British pig producers lost £35 million
• The pork processing sector made approximately £100 million
• The retailers made a profit from sale of pork and pork products of roughly £192 million
• So what does that mean for the shape of our industry in the future?
BPEX
PCV2 Vaccination
What PCV2 Vaccination protocols do we use in our
Practice?
• 95% of herds/flows use some form of PCV2 vaccination
• Of these:• 65% use Sow vaccination only• 15% use Piglet vaccination only• 20% use Sow and Piglet vaccination• So 85% of systems use sow vaccine
Why more sow vaccination?• It works
– In Classical PCVD in weaners & growing pigs– In Late stage/Endemic PCVD
• It has other benefits– Reproductive– In farrowing and early post weaning period
• It is easier and cheaper• PCV2 status is changing on our farms – they are
becoming more stable• We learnt to manage PCVD & vaccination issues
22
• With sow vaccination it has been important to understand how immunity is transferred from the sow to the piglet
• Colostrum does not just have an antibody component
• It also has a cellular component• Best if derived from the biological mother• So needed to modify management of the sow,
the piglet and cross fostering to allow for this
Transfer of immunity
Why do we use piglet vaccination?
• New outbreaks
• Destabilised herds
• Active infection with different pathogens (eg PRRS) interferes with PCV2 immunity or immune transfer
• Poor colostrum management
Piglet vaccination Field trial 1
Material and methods• 700-sow indoor unit• Piglets were individually weighed
– at weaning (W)– at the end of the grower stage (EF) – at before slaughter (S)
• Pigs were allocated randomly to one of two vaccine groups
• Allocation of pigs was blinded to farm management• Pigs from 2 groups were individually identified
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Vaccine Groups
• Circoflex group– 91 pigs– 1 ml of Circoflex® (Boehringer Ingleheim) I/M
at weaning• Circovac group
– 100 pigs– 0.5 ml of Circovac® (Merial) I/M at weaning
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Pig Flow
• On farm specialist weaner accommodation
• Piglets from 2 vaccine groups were comingled
• Off site finishing on 2 farms– deep straw bedded lose housing finishing
accommodation (Farm 1, n=74)– solid floor finishing accommodation (Farm 2,
n=114).
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Material and methods
• Both vaccines were compared on:– Average Daily Weight Gain (ADG) in post-
weaning– ADG in finishing– ADG from weaning to slaughter,– weight at entry in finishing stage– slaughter weight
• Two-tailed student t-test was used to compare the different parameters of the 2 vaccines
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Results - Farm 1
Circovac Circoflex Diff
ADG wean-slaughter g/day 741.4 728.9 12.4
ADG finishers g/day 929.9 919.4 10.5ADG growers g/day 560.0 547.3 12.8Weight entry finishing Kg 48.1 47.9 0.1Slaughter weight Kg 110.9 105.2 5.7*
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
* P < 0.05
Results – Farm 2
Circovac Circoflex Diff
ADG wean-slaughter g/day 669.2 653.1 16.1
ADWG finishers g/day 769.6 750.3 19.2
ADWG growers g/day 523.4 509.7 13.7
Weight entry finishing Kg 39.0 38.1 0.96
Slaughter weight Kg 105.3 102.6 2.7
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Testing
• 20 pigs were bled at weaning and at the end of the grower stage
• Samples were tested– by qPCR for quantification of PCV2 genome
(minimum detection level 2x103/ml)– qELISA for quantification of PCV2 specific
antibodies
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Results
qPCR and qELISA tests at different stages
qPCR qELISA
Positive >106 W EF S
Circovac 6.7% 0% 2,686.89 3,742.63 2,863.00
Circoflex 23.5% 5.9% 1,569.63 1,088.95 3,172.41
W: weaningEF: entry in fatteningS: slaughter
W: weaningEF: entry in fatteningS: slaughter
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Testing comments
• Both groups had high titres of antibodiesat weaning
• PCR– All pigs tested were negative at weaning and at the
end of the grower stage– % of sampled pigs positive before slaughter
• 23.5% of those vaccinated with Circoflex • 6.7% of those vaccinated with Circovac
– 1 pig in the group Circoflex above 106 PCV2 genome copies
– Note difference not associated with disease
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Discussion
• Due to the small number of animals involved in this study it was not possible to show a statistical difference– except for slaughter weight in farm 1
• ADWG at all stages of production and the slaughter weight always slightly higher in Circovac vaccinated groups in both finishers
• Circoflex had a slightly higher level of viraemia– but this was not associated to disease
Tobin, IPVS 2010Tobin, IPVS 2010
Piglet vaccination trial 2
Material• 750 sow farrow-to-finish unit
• Farrowing was by room
• Pigs were age-segregated by room in slatted accommodation through to approximately 15 weeks of age.
• They were then placed in mixed age finishing accommodation.
Waddilove, APVS 2011
Unit health profile
• High disease burden in the rearing herd including PCVD, PRRS, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and various secondary bacterial
• High levels of respiratory disease, wean to finish mortality ~8%, poor growth rates and high levels of treatment for respiratory disease.
Waddilove, APVS 2011
Control measures
• PRRS – vaccinated sows and pigs with PRRS-MLV
vaccine
• PCV2 – vaccinated sows and piglets
• M. Hyopneumoniae– Vaccinated piglets
• Various strategies of antibiotic treatment
Waddilove, APVS 2011
Methods
• Each litter randomly allocated into equal groups
• Blinded from farm staff• Identified with ear tags at weaning• Weighed at weaning,10 weeks and 25
weeks• A t-test and a Chi2 test was applied to
compare the average daily gain results and the mortality rate respectively
Waddilove, APVS 2011
Vaccination
• Vaccinated for PCV2 at weaning (23-25 days of age). – Half of each litter received 0.5ml Circovac®
(Merial) by intramuscular injection– Half of each litter received 1.0ml Circoflex®
(Boehringer Ingleheim) by intramuscular injection.
Waddilove, APVS 2011
Results
Circovac CircoflexNumber 344 353
ADG Wean – Finish (gm) 540 536ADG Wean – Grower (gm) 436 436ADG Grower – Finish (gm) 593 585
Mortality (%) 3.5 4.5
Waddilove, APVS 2011
No Significant Differences
Discussion
• Under commercial conditions• High disease burden including PCVD• No significant difference in growth rates and
mortality levels between piglets vaccinated with 0.5ml Circovac or 1.0ml Circoflex.
• Numerical benefits in growth rate and mortality for Circovac vaccinated pigs were observed.
Waddilove, APVS 2011
Conclusions
• 2 trials
• Both in normal field conditions in commercial herds
• No significant difference between vaccinating pigs with 1ml Circoflex or 0.5ml Circovac
• In both trials some numerical advantages to the Circovac vaccinated pigs
And a final thought
• How well do combination vaccines work?
• Here is some data from the British slaughter house survey
Apical lobe consolidation(EP like lesions)
Group 1 using mixed M hyo and PCV2 vaccine10,000 sowsGroup 2 using PCV2 sow vaccination and M+PAC or Stellamune 24,000 sows
Group 3 using PCV2 Circovac piglet vaccination and M+PAC 5000 sows
Group 1 using mixed M hyo and PCV2 vaccine10,000 sowsGroup 2 using PCV2 sow vaccination and M+PAC or Stellamune 24,000 sows
Group 3 using PCV2 Circovac piglet vaccination and M+PAC 5000 sows
Thank you