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A presentation by Peter W. Hunt, M.D., Assistant Professor in Residence at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), conducted at the San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH) and supported by CTSI's Clinical Research Services. Learn more about the service at http://ctsi.ucsf.edu/our-work/clinical-research-services
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A Clinical Trial of CCR5 Inhibition in Treated HIV Infection:
Highlighting Multidisciplinary T1 Research from the SFGH CRS
Peter W. Hunt, M.D.
Assistant Professor in Residence
UCSF, SFGH HIV/AIDS Division
SFGH CRC: A“Hub” for Multidisciplinary T1 Research
SFGHCRC
Cardiovascular(FMD, IMT, etc)
Hsue
SCOPE CohortDeeks/Martin
Neurology(CSF Biomarkers)
Price
Gut MucosalBiospy CoreSomsouk/Hunt
Clinical TrialsHunt, Hatano, Hsue, Deeks
Clinical Lab
Immunology Core Lab
Sinclair
Virology Core Lab
Liegler
Specimen BankASB Basic
LaboratoriesMcCune/Nixon
Lymph Node BiopsyHatano
HIV+ Patients Still Have a 10y Shorter Life Expectancy than HIV- Controls
Adapted from Lohse N, et al. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:87–95
Prob
abili
ty o
f Sur
viva
l
Pre-HAART (1995–1996)
Early HAART (1997–1999)
Survival from Age 25 YearsN= 3,990
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Age, years
Late HAART (2000–2005)
Population controls
(See Also: ART-CC, Lancet, 2008; Lewden, JAIDS, 2007)
Many morbidities associated with aging also appear to be increased in
treated HIV disease• Cardiovascular disease [1-3]
• Cancer (non-AIDS) [4]
• Bone fractures / osteoporosis [5,6]
• Liver disease [7]
• Kidney disease [8]
• Cognitive decline [9]
• Frailty [10]
1. Klein D, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30:471-477. 2; Hsue P, et al. Circulation. 2004;109:316-319. 3. Grinspoon SK, et al. Circulation. 2008;118:198-210. 4. Patel P, et al. Ann Int Med, 2008;148:728-736. 5. Triant V, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3499-3504. 6. Arnsten JH, et al. AIDS. 2007 ;21:617-623. 7. Odden MC, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:2213-2219. 8. Choi A, et al. AIDS, 2009;23(16):2143-49. 9. McCutchan JA, et a. AIDS. 2007 ;21:1109-1117. 10. Desquilbet L, et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:1279-1286
Many Chronic Diseases of Aging May Be Driven By Lifestyle Factors and ART Toxicity
Lifestyle(smoking, etc.)
ARTToxicity
PrematureAging
Deeks and Phillips, BMJ, 2009
Persistent Immune Activation and Inflammation May Also Play Important Role
Lifestyle
ARTToxicity
PersistentInflammation
PrematureAging
Deeks and Phillips, BMJ, 2009
Sooty Mangabey
• Infect with SIV
• High Levels of Viral Replication
• No AIDS, normal lifespan
Rhesus Macaque
• Infect with SIV
• High Levels of Viral Replication
• AIDS and death
Silvestri, Immunity, 2003
An Important Clue from Nature
• Minimal Immune Activation • Massive Immune Activation
T Cell Activation Declines with ART
Hunt et al, JID, 2003 and 2008
But Remains Abnormally High During ART-mediated Viral Suppresion
Hunt et al, JID, 2003 and 2008
CCR5 Inhibition:A Potential Intervention to Reduce T Cell Activation
• Maraviroc is a CCR5 inhibitor and the only currently approved ARV drug that targets a host element.
• In addition to blocking HIV entry, maraviroc blocks binding of natural CCR5 ligands.– Contribute to T cell and monocyte trafficking and activation
• Potential immunologic benefit to blocking CCR5 supported by:– CCR5 ∆32 causes delayed HIV disease progression.
– Natural hosts of non-pathogenic SIV have low CCR5 on central memory T cells and low T cell activation.
• Hypothesis: Adding maraviroc to a suppressive regimen will decrease T cell activation in treated HIV infection
Maraviroc Intensification Trial Schematic
Randomize (N=42) ART>1yVL<75
CD4<350
Add Maraviroc BID x 24 weeksART alonex 12 weeks
Add Placebo BID x 24 weeks ART alone x 12 weeks
Study Visits at Weeks: -2 0 1 2 4 6 8 12 16 20 22 24 28 36
T Cell Activation, biomarkers, Low-level Viremia (SCA), FMD (Cardiovascular)
Clinical monitoring, CD4 count
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy, Rectosigmoid Biopsy (UCSF only)
CCR5 Expression is Much More Common on T Cells in Rectal Mucosa
Baseline Characteristics
CharacteristicPlacebo Maraviroc
Median (IQR)N=22
Median (IQR)N=23
Age, years 50 (43 to 57) 50 (46 to 56)
Male Gender, No. (%) 20 (91) 23 (100)
CD4 count, cells/mm3 202 (161 to 256) 206 (131 to 260)
Plasma HIV RNA level, copies/ml <48 <48
Duration of current ART regimen, months 31 (15 to 43) 30 (21 to 42)
Hepatitis C Virus Antibody Positive, No. (%) 2 (14) 3 (20)
Early Decline in Plasma HIV RNA Levels by Single Copy Assay in Both Arms
Similar CD4 Count Increase in Both Arms
No evidence for difference in the rate ofCD4+ T cell recovery between arms, P=0.97
CD8+ T Cell Activation Declined Significantly in the Placebo Arm
While CD8+ T Cell Activation Tended to Increase in the Maraviroc Arm
Maraviroc Increases CD8 Activation Compared to Placebo
P values represent difference between groups in the change from baseline at each timepoint.
Maraviroc Prevents the Decline in CD4 Activation Compared to Placebo
P values represent difference between groups in the change from baseline at each timepoint.
CD4+
CD8+
No Change in Rectal T Cell Activation on Placebo
But Maraviroc Causes a Nearly 2-fold increase in Rectal T Cell Activation
CD4+
CD8+
MVC intensification increases sCD14 levels
Δ Wk 0-4P=0.053
Δ Wk 0-24P=0.017
Δ Wk 24-36P=0.31
MVC arm had a mean 0.33 µg/mL greater increase in sCD14from baseline to week 24 (95%CI: 0.06, 0.61, p=0.017)
Interestingly, sCD14 levels tended to increase further after discontinuation of MVC.
Why does CCR5 inhibition increase T cell and monocyte
activation in vivo?
Lederman, JAMA, 2006
Ligand approaches CCR5 Binding and Signaling Ligand-Receptor Internalization
• Maraviroc blocks internalization of receptor-ligand complexes leading to:
• Increased CCR5 expression on cell surface
• Increase in soluble ligands in plasma and tissues (Lin/Corbeau, AIDS, 2007; Nakata/Mitsuya, Antiviral Threrapy, 2010)
• CCR5 ligands (MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES) also bind other chemokine receptors (CCR1 on monocytes/neutrophils, CCR4/CCR4 on T cells)
(Wolpe, J Exp Med, 1988; Fahey, JI, 1992)
• Current Hypothesis: Activation of monocytes via CCR1 and T cells via CCR3/CCD4 might explain increased T cell and monocyte activation.
X XXMaraviroc
>2-fold Increase in Plasma MIP-1β (CCR5 Ligand) Levels During Maraviroc Intensification
MVC-mediated Increases in CCR5 ligands are associated with increases in sCD14
Spearman’s rho: 0.34, P=0.017
Brachial Artery Flow-Mediated Dilation
Endothelial Stimulus: Reactive hyperemia after five minute cuff occlusion. Stimulates functioning endothelial cells to release NO. NO diffuses into vascular smooth muscle. Muscle relaxes.
Control stimulus: Nitroglycerin, an endothelium-independent vasodilator
Quantity measured: Diameter of artery, using B-mode ultrasound
Baseline Reactive Hyperemia
Vasodilation
Brachial Artery
Normal Brachial ArteryEndothelium-Dependent Vasomotion
Despite MVC-mediated Increases in T cell and Monocyte Activation, No difference in FMD
Δ Wk 0-4P=0.40
Δ Wk 0-24P=0.61
Δ Wk 24-36P=0.89
ART + Study Drug ART only
Mean +0.46% greater week 24 change from baseline in MVC arm(95% CI: -0.36% to +1.28%, P=0.61)
ConclusionsMaraviroc intensification in HIV+ subjects with
incomplete ART-mediated CD4 recovery:
• Causes a nearly 2-fold increase in T cell activation in GALT, and more modest increases in peripheral blood.
• Also increases monocyte activation.
– CCR5 ligand signaling through other chemokine receptors should be explored as a possible causal mechanism.
• No clear effect on vascular function (by FMD)
– Could decreased chemotaxis abrogate a negative effect of monocte and T cell activation?
• The clinical implications of these findings are unclear.
– CADIRIS, ANRS studies with clinical endpoints ongoing
SFGH CRC: A“Hub” for Multidisciplinary T1 Research
SFGHCRC
Cardiovascular(FMD, IMT, etc)
Hsue
SCOPE CohortDeeks/Martin
Neurology(CSF Biomarkers)
Price
Gut MucosalBiospy CoreSomsouk/Hunt
Clinical TrialsHunt, Hatano, Hsue, Deeks
Clinical Lab
Immunology Core Lab
Sinclair
Virology Core Lab
Liegler
Specimen BankASB Basic
LaboratoriesMcCune/Nixon
Lymph Node BiopsyHatano
Acknowledgements
UCSFLee GilmanJoy MadambaMelissa KroneJeffrey MartinSteven Deeks
CWRUBenigno RodriguezJane BaumMichelle GallagherMichael BanchyMichael Lederman
Rush/CORE CenterOluwatoyin AdeyemiJulia LeeMieoak BahkHamid Bouiri Alan Landay
StanfordDebbie SlamowitzRobert ShaferCindy PadillaMartha HamiltonNancy Shulman
Clinical Trial Sites Lederman Laboratory (CWRU)Brian ClagettNicholas FunderburgKathy Medvik
Karolinska InstituetVictor DahlSarah Palmer
UCSF/SFGH GI DivisionMa Somsouk
UCSF/SFGH Cardiology DivisionPriscilla HsueAmanda Schnell
UC Davis Mucosal ImmunologyTimothy HayesBarbara Shacklett
This trial was supported by investigator-initiated grants from: Pfizer labs, Inc., and AMFAR
NURSING Elizabeth Madruga, RN Bernadette Tobin, RNLorna Aquino, RNBeverly Schmidt, RNNenette Dignadice, RNRosemarie Dario, LVNOscar Gomez Cruz, HAAntonio Everett, HAHector Vizoso, RNEileen Magnaye, RNBrenda Herrera, RNMelinda Rowan, RNCory Groom, RN
Acknowledgements:SFGH CRC
SPECIMEN PROCESSINGWendy StaubBenny Tong Fabiola Carrillo
BIONUTRITIONViva TaiJennifer CulpMarilou TarapeMarlene HomMay Yee
ADMINMark Jacobson, M.D. -Medical DirectorEunice Stephens -Operations DirectorGabriel Ortiz -Analyst