Adrenal, Pancreas, Pineal, Thymus, Gonads, Placenta (pg 8)

Adrenal Glands

• Sit on top of the kidneys• Separated into the cortex (outer region) and

the medulla (inner region)

Adrenal Cortex1. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone): Regulate

blood volume and composition by conserving sodium ions and eliminating potassium ions.

Adrenal Cortex1. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone): Regulate

blood volume and composition by conserving sodium ions and eliminating potassium ions.

2. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Hydrocortisone): Increase glucose levels in the blood by increasing protein and fat metabolism and stimulating release of glucose from liver. Anti-inflammatory.

Adrenal Cortex1. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone): Regulate blood

volume and composition by conserving sodium ions and eliminating potassium ions.

2. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Hydrocortisone): Increase glucose levels in the blood by increasing protein and fat metabolism and stimulating release of glucose from liver. Anti-inflammatory.

3. Gonadocorticoids (Androgens and Estrogens): Cause development of secondary sex characteristics. Makes very small amounts compared to that produced by gonads.

Drawing (pg 9)

• Draw Adrenal gland

Adrenal medulla

• Develops from neural tissue and is stimulated by neurons

Adrenal medulla

• Develops from neural tissue and is stimulated by neurons

• Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline): Cause fight or flight response-increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, diverts blood away from digestive organs and to skeletal muscle

Pancreas• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets

of Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells

Pancreas• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets

of Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells• The islets are surrounded by exocrine cells,

which produce digestive enzymes

Pancreas• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets

of Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells• The islets are surrounded by exocrine cells,

which produce digestive enzymes• Islets contain alpha and beta cells

Pancreas• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets

of Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells• The islets are surrounded by exocrine cells,

which produce digestive enzymes• Islets contain alpha and beta cells• Alpha cells produce glucagon, which raises

blood sugar by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream

Pancreas• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets of

Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells• The islets are surrounded by exocrine cells, which

produce digestive enzymes• Islets contain alpha and beta cells• Alpha cells produce glucagon, which raises blood

sugar by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream

• Beta cells produce insulin, which lowers blood sugar by stimulating body cells to transport glucose out of the blood and into the cells

Pineal Gland

• Tiny gland in the brain• Produces melatonin, which causes sleepiness.

Melatonin production increases in response to darkness.

Thymus

• Located behind the sternum• Large in children, shrinks throughout

adulthood• Produces thymosin, which is essential to

development of T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell in the immune system

Gonads

• Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which control the menstrual cycle and cause development of secondary female sex characteristics

• Testes produce testosterone, which causes development of male secondary sex characteristics

Placenta• Site of exchange between mother and baby

during pregnancy

Placenta• Site of exchange between mother and baby

during pregnancy• Also produces hormones that maintain

pregnancy1. Human chorionic gonadotropin: causes

uterine lining to not be shed. Used in pregnancy tests

Placenta• Site of exchange between mother and baby

during pregnancy• Also produces hormones that maintain

pregnancy1. Human chorionic gonadotropin: causes

uterine lining to not be shed. Used in pregnancy tests

2. Human placental lactogen: prepares breasts for lactation

Placenta• Site of exchange between mother and baby

during pregnancy• Also produces hormones that maintain

pregnancy1. Human chorionic gonadotropin: causes uterine

lining to not be shed. Used in pregnancy tests2. Human placental lactogen: prepares breasts

for lactation3. Relaxin: causes pelvic ligaments to relax and

become more flexible