Carbohydrate polymers

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS

Sagar Savale 105/02/23

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS INTRODUCTION TO BIODEGRADABLE

POLYMERS CLASSIFICATION OF BIODEGRADABLE

POLYMERS DETAILS OF BIODEGRADABLE

POLYSACCHARIDE POLYMERS REFERENCES


INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS CLASSIFICATION

OF POLYMERS :-(According to their properties & characteristics.)

I. Natural & Synthetic Polymer

II. Organic & Inorganic

III. Thermoplastic & Thermosetting

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS:-

(According to their ultimate uses.)

I. PlasticII. ElastomersIII. FibersIV. Liquid Resins


TYPES OF POLYMERS1) WATER SOLUBLE POLYMERS:-

2) BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS:-

3) NON-BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS:-


INTRODUCTION TO BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

DEFINATION OF BIODEGRADATION:-

CRITERIA FOR BIODEGRADABILITY:-(According to Europe Std-BS EN 13432)

I. Biodegradation:- Over 90%-In 180 days. (ISO 14855)

II. Disintegration:-Over 90% In 3 Months. (ISOFDIS16929)

III. Ecotoxicity:-Warm & Germination Test.IV. Hazardous chemicals:- Absent.


CLASSIFICATION OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

I. Natural polymers:

A. Animal proteins:

B. Animal polysaccharides.

C. Plant polysaccharides

I. Synthetic polymers:

A. Animal proteins:

B. Animal Polysaccharides

C. Plant Polysaccharides


BIODEGRADABLE POLYSACCHARIDE POLYMERS

I. NATURAL POLYSACCHARIDE POLYMERS:-A) Animal Polysaccharides :-

1.Chitin2. Chitosan3. Hyaluronic Acid4. Chondroitin

B) Plant Polysaccharides1. Starch2. Dextrin3. Dextran4. Alginic Acid

5. Xanthan Gum6. Guar Gum7. Locust Bean Gum8. Inulin9. Pectin10. Amylose11. Arabinogalactan12. Cyclodextrin

13. Xylan


II] SYNTHATIC POLYSACCHARIDE POLYMER

A) Animal polysaccharides1. Poly(ß-HydroxybutyriAcid)2. Poly (€-Caprlactone)3. Polyanhydrides

B) Plant Polysaccharides1. Poly (Ortho Ester)2. Poly (Alkyl Cyanoacrylate)


1.CHITINB.S.:- Polysaccharide derivative

containing amino & acetyl groups.- skeletal material of arthropods.

PH:- 4.0-6.0 (1% w/v aq. Sol.)M.W.:- 1,43,000-2,10,000M.P.:- 2030 c SOLUBILITY:- SL- Conc.HCL

H2SO4,aanhydrous HCOOH , IS_Ethanol (90%) INCOMPABILITIES :- Strong oxidising

agent.APPLICATION:- 1. Polymer in Ph.

Formulations for drug delivery.2. As polymer in CRDF, mucoadhesive, Peptide drug delivery, Gene delivery.


1.CHITOSAN B.S. :-Chitosan is a linear

polysaccharide composed of -1,4 linked d-glucosamine residues extracted froMm shellfish exoskeletons.

NATURE:- CATIONIC PH:- 4-6 1%W/V AQ SOL. VISCOSITY:- ACETIC A—260mpas

AT PH 4.1 SOLUBILITY:-SL- water,

conc.solutions organic acid, & mineral acid, Is- Ethanol(95%)

DENSITY:-1.35-1.4 g/cm3

INCOMPATABILITY:- IC- Oxidising agent

APPL:- 1. coating 2.film forming agent 3.Disintegrat 4.mucoadhesive 5 bider6 viscosity increasing agent.


1. STARCH

B.S.:-Polysaccharide Granules.(solanaceae)

Molecular Weight:-50000—160000

Solubility:-IS-cold water & Ethanol(95%).Swells-370c. In H2O (5—10%)

Viscosity:-13.0 mpas Application:-

1. Binder 5-25% w/w2. Disintegrant 3-15%w/w3. Diluent for potent drugs4. Mixing/Blending facilitation5. Volume adjustment in (Dry filled

Capsules) Density:-T.D. 0.462 g/cm3

Flowability:-10.8-11.7 g/s

PH:-4.5-7(MCR),5-8(P)


2. DEXTRIN B.S.:- Incomplete hydrolysis of starch

with dillute acid/ by heating dry starch. SYN:- British gum M.W.:- 4500-85000 M.P.:- 1780c SOLUBILITY:-IS-

Chloroform,Ethanol(95%),EtherPropan-2-ol, slowly –sl- cold water, very sl- boiling water.

SWELLING INDEX:- PH:- Acidic/Alkaline 2.8-8.0 at 5% w/w

Aq.sl. APPL:-

1. Adhesive&Stiffen-surgicle dressings

2. Diluent -(T&C)3. Binder-(TB-Granulation)4. Plastcizer&Adhesive-(sugar coat)5. Thickening agent-(suspension)

INCOMPABILITY:-IC-strong oxidising agent


3.ALGINIC ACID B.S.:- Polyuronic acid - Algal

groth-”MacrocystisPyrifera”,Laminaria hyperborea,Laminaria digitata-(phaeophyceae)

M.W.:- 20,000-2,40,000. Ph:- Acidic/Alkaline-1.5-3.5 for a 3% w/v

Aq.Sol. SOLUBILITY:- Soluble-Alkali

Hydroxides, IS-/Slightly sol- Ethanol(95%) VISCOSITY:-∆se -∆se in conc. 0.5% w/w Aq.dispsn.-20mpas

2.0%w/w Aq.dispsn-2000mpas INCOMPABILITIES:- IC- strong

oxidising agent. APPL:-1.Binder & Disintegrating agent at

conc-(1-5%w/v)-(T&C)2.Thickening & suspending agent in pastes ,creams & gels.3.Hydrophillic matrix agent-CRDF.


4.XANTHAN GUM B.S.:- Polysaccharides-fermentation-

bacterium- “Xanthomonas Compestris” M.P.:- chars at 2700c M.W.:- 2*106

PH:- Acidity/Alkalinity-6-8% for Aq.Sol. SOLUBILITY:- IS- Ethanol &

Ether ,SOL.-cold/Warm water. VISCOSITY:- 1200-1600MPAS FOR

1% W/V SOL. AT 250C. INCOMPABILITIES:-

1.IC-Cationic (Surfactants ,polymers, preserrvatives)2. CM-Synthatic &Natural viscosity increasing agent.3.IC-oxidising,cmc Na,dried Al2(OH)3 gel & amitryptylien, tamoxifen, verapamil

APPL:- Suspending, Stabilising,Thickening,Emulsifying agent.


5.GUAR GUM B.S.:- Powders of endosperm-seeds

“Cyamopsis tetragonolobus” (leguminsae) SYN:- Jaguar gum M.W.:- 2,20,000 VISCOSITY:- 4.86MPAS FOR-1% w/v 1%

Disp. SOLUBILITY:- IS-Organic solvents ,in

cold& hot water-swells-Thixotropic. INCOMPABILITIES:- IC-Acetone,

Alcohol, Tannins, strong acids & alkalies. COMP- Plant Hydrocolloids of “Tragacanth”

APPL:- 1. Binder & Disintegrant(SRDF) 2.suspending, stabilising, CR carreir.3. In col.DDS.- a) Emulsion Stabiliser-1%, b)Tablet Binder-10%, c)Thickener (lotion& creams)—2.5%


6.LOCUST BEAN GUM B.S.:- Polysaccharides –

Endosperms –seeds of “Ceratonia silliqua”-(Leguminosae)

SYN:- Ceratonia, Carob bean gum M.W.:- 3,10,000 SOLUBILITY:- SB- Hot water, IS-

Ethanol. PH:-5.4-7 INCOMPABILITY:- Viscosity of

xanthum gum is increased in presence of LBG(i.e. synergistic effect) so used in CRDF.

APPL:-1) Viscosity increasing agent. 2) Binder(OCRDF), 3) Thickening, 4) Stabilising agent. 5) In foods-0.15-0.75% is used


7.INULIN

B.S.:- Polysaccharide-bulbs of Dehlia,” Inula helenicum (compositae), roots of Dandelion “taxacum officinale”

M.W.:- 5000 SOLUBILITY:- SL- Hot water, IS-

Organic solvents. APPLICATION:-

1.Used as polymer in formulations.2.Used as diagnostic agent.3.preparation of culture media.


8.PECTIN B.S.:- polysaccharide-acid hydrolysis

of inner portion of the rind of citrus peels i.e. ‘Citrus simon. (Rutaceae)

M.W.:- they are of two types-1. low molecular weight-<50 %, 2. high molecular Weight-above 50%-100%

SOLUBILITY:-Sl- 1) 1:20 in & other organic solvents.

INCOMPABILITY:- IN- High Molecular Weight Organic Acid, Pectin sol-ppts-with metallic ions(i.e.pb, Cu, Al, Ni, Fe, & Ca.

APPL:- 1. Emulsifying agent, 2. Gelling agent inAcid Medium, 3 Thickening agent in crea,s & lotion (in creams 7 lotion


9.CYCLODEXTRIN SYN:- 1. Cavitron,

schardinger dextrinTypes:- 1. Þ-cyclodextrin (A)

2. ß- cyclodextrin (B) 3. Ÿ– cyclodextrin (C)

M.W.:- (A) 972 (B) 1135 (C) 1297

M.P.:- (A)250-2600c (B) 255-2650c (C) 240-2450c

INCOMPABILITIES:- B-Cyclodextrin reduces the activity of some antimicrobial preservatives in aq. Solution.

SOLUBILITY:- (A) SL-1 IN 7PARTS OF WATER AT 200C,1 IN 3 AT 500C. (B) SL-1 IN 200 PARTS OF PEG, 1 IN 50 –WATER AT 200C, 1 IN 20 AT 500 C,IS- ACETONE, ETHANOL(95%), METHYLENE CHLORIDE. (C) SL-1 IN 4.4 PARTS OF WATER AT 200 C, 1 IN 2 AT 450 C

APPLICATION. :- 1.TO FORM INCLUSION

COMPLEXES WITH DRUGS FOR SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT & STABILITY IMPROVEMENT.

2.TO MASKING THE UNPEASENT TEST .


PROPERTIES:- 1.COMPRESSIBILITY:-21.0- 44.0 % FOR

CYCLODEXTRIN.2.DENSITY:- (A) 1.521

(C) 1.4713. M. C.:- (A)- 10.2%W/W

(B)-13-15%W/W(C)-8-18 %W/W


POLY(E-CAPROLACTONE)

M.W.:- 80 to 150000VISCOSITY:- 0.7-1.3M.P.:-58-630C GLASS TRANSITION TEMP.:-65TO-600CSOLUBILITY:- SL- Methylene chloride, Chloroform.TENSILE STRENGTH:- 3000 -5000FUNCTIONAL CATEGORY:- Biocompatible, Biodegradable, Bioabsorbable.APPLICATION:- 1. Used in drug delivery system asmicrocapsules ,microspheres, 2. use in implantable drug delivery system such as rods, cylinders etc.


POLYANHYDRIDES

These are Synthatic polysaccharides prepared from dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanoic acid, Fumaric acid.

Common Polyanhydrides:-S1.Poly(sebasic Acid)2.Poly(fumaric acid)3.Poly(erucic acid)4.Poly(terephthalic acid)5.Poly[bis(p-carboxy phenoxy)alkanes]


POLY(ORTHOESTERS)

It is synthatic plant polysaccharides synthesised by polycondensation of a diol (i.e. either 1,6 hexanediol/ cis/trans 1-4- cyclohexane dimethanol ) with an orthoester(i.e. diethoxy tetrahydrofuran).

COMMMON POLYORTHOESTERS:-1.Poly orthoester-I with cis/trans-cyclohexyl dimethanol.2.poly orthoester-II with 1,6-haxanediol


REFERENCES1. “Book of Polymer science” ;Introduction to polymer; By V.R. Gowarikar; New Edge publication; Page No.-7 To 14.2.Mark H.F.; Giant molecules; Time-Life books; Newyork-1996.3.Rosato D.V., Fallon W.K., “ Markers in Plastics” ,Reinhold , Newyork,1969.


REFERENCES4. Dubois J.H.; “Plastic History- USA, Cahner,Boston ;1972.

5.”Handbook of Pharmaceutical controlled release technology”;classification of biodegradable polymers; By Donald L. Wise; Marcel Dekker ;Inc;Page No.-330 to 331

By, Raymond. cRowe, Paul J


REFERNCES8.Biodegradable Polymer as drug

delivery system; “Synthatic polysaccharides”; By-Mark Chasin,Robert Longer Vol-45; Page No-43-49,71-90,121-160.


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Carbohydrate polymers