Williams' Basic Nutrition & Diet Therapy

Chapter 11

Nutrition During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

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14th Edition

Lesson 11.1: Nutrition in Infancy

1. Normal growth of individual children varies within a relatively wide range of measures.

2. Human growth and development require both nutritional and psychosocial support.

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Nutrition for Growth and Development (p. 195)

Life cycle growth pattern Infancy: first year of life Childhood: between infancy and adolescence Adolescence: onset of puberty Adulthood: physical maturity

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Measuring Childhood Growth(p. 196)

Individual growth rates: vary widely Physical growth: WHO and CDC growth charts used Charts use height (or length), weight, and head

circumference Psychosocial development: various assessments

available

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Measuring Childhood Growth (cont’d) (p. 199)

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Measuring Childhood Growth (cont’d) (p. 200)

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Case Study

Adam is an 8-year-old boy who weighs 60 lbs and is 52 inches tall.

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Case Study (cont’d)

What is the most appropriate chart to use in order to interpret Adam’s growth?

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Case Study (cont’d)

Plot Adam’s weight for age Plot Adam’s height for age Interpret the results

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Energy Needs (p. 196)

Energy needs in kilocalories Needs are relatively large in childhood Macronutrients

Carbohydrates as main energy source Protein for building tissue Fat for backup energy and essential fatty acids

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Requirements for Water, Minerals, and Vitamins (p. 198)

Water requirements Metabolic needs, especially during periods of rapid

growth Infants require more water per unit of body weight

than do adults Minerals and vitamins

Calcium: critical in early life for skeleton and teeth Iron: essential for hemoglobin and cognitive

development in early years

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Vitamin Supplements (p. 201)

Vitamin K given to nearly all infants, critical for blood clotting

Vitamin D drops recommended for breast-fed infants

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Age Group Needs: Infancy(p. 201)

Immature infants Weight: defined by birth weight: LBW, VLBW,

ELBW Gestational age: premature, small-for-gestational

age Type of milk: breast milk recommended Methods of feeding: nursing or bottle-feeding

usually is possible with support

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Age Group Needs: Infancy (cont’d) (p. 203)

Term infants Better developed body systems Grow rapidly Add iron-fortified solid foods at about 6 months

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Breast-Feeding (p. 203)

Ideal first food for infants Importance of colostrum Mature breast milk after 3 to 5 days

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Bottle-Feeding (p. 203)

Follow safety precautions Standard commercial formulas or formulas for infants

with allergies Follow instructions precisely Positioning of baby and bottle Follow terminal sterilization method

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Weaning and Cow’s Milk (p. 204)

Weaning Children set own pace May need encouragement to wean

Cow’s milk Never in first year of life No reduced-fat cow’s milk for those less than 2

years

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Solid Food Additions (p. 205)

Not before 6 months Development of certain motor skills is signal Possibly vegetables or meat before fruit Foods may be homemade

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Lesson 11.2: Nutrition in Childhood and Adolescence

1. A variety of food patterns and habits supply the energy and nutrient requirements of normal growth and development, although basic nutritional needs change with each growth period.

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Childhood (p. 206)

Toddlers (1 to 3 years) Increase variety of foods Pleasant surroundings Limit sweets

Preschool children (3 to 5 years) Growth and appetite continue in spurts Patterns and attitudes form Occasional food jags Child-friendly version of MyPlate

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Childhood (cont’d) (p. 209)

School-age children (5 to 12 years) Slow, irregular growth Breakfast is important School breakfast and lunch programs Competitive foods harm nutrition

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Case Study (cont’d)

Give three recommendations for Adam for healthy eating during the school-age growth period.

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Common Nutrition Problems in Childhood (p. 209)

Failure to thrive: many possible causes, brief hospital stay may be used to identify etiology

Anemia: infants consuming formula or cereal not iron-fortified

Obesity: climbing since 1970s, parents play important role

Lead poisoning: from lead-based paint, damages CNS

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Adolescence (p. 213)

Physical growth Rapid growth during onset of puberty Boys and girls differ in fat, muscle gain Risk of obesity continues

Eating patterns Influenced by rapid growth, peer pressure Alcohol abuse Pressure to be thin

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Eating Disorders (p. 214)

Social, family, personal pressures Self-imposed crash diets, semistarvation Mother’s main source of pressure to remain thin Fathers may be emotionally distant Early detection and intervention are critical

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