3.

WORTHLESSNESS

HELPLESSNESS

ANXIETY

ISOLATION

.

THOUGHTS

BEHAVIOUR

FEELINGS

SENSE OF

WELL

BEING

ISOLATION

1.Life Events• Bereavement

• Neglect

• Unequal parental treatment

• Childbirth

• Menopause

• Financial Difficulties

• Job Problems

• Medical diagnosis ( CANCER , HIV etc)

• Bullying

• Loss of love ones

• Natural disaster

• Relationship troubles

• Jealousy

• Separation

• Catastrophic injury

• Learned helplessness

2.MEDICAL TREATMENTS

Certain medications are known to

cause depression or increase risk of

depression.

Interferon therapy for hepatitis C

Medicines for Blood Pressure

Medicines for sleep

3.RESULT OF :

INFECTIUS DISEASES

NUTRITIONAL DFICIENCIES

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

BLO

OD

PR

ES

SU

RE

.

MAJOR

DEPRESSIVE

DISORDERSevere symptoms that

interfere with your ability to

work, sleep, study, eat,

and enjoy life.

PERSISTENT

DEPRESSIVE

DISORDERDepressed mood that

lasts for at least 2 years.

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE

DISORDERWhere a person has at least two weeks of

depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

in nearly all activities.

SEASONAL

AFFECTIVE

DISORDERWhen the course of

depression follows a

seasonal pattern.

BIPOLAR

DISORDERFeatures one or more

episodes of abnormally

elevated mood ,cognition

and energy levels ,but may

also involve one or more

episodes of depression .

DYSTHYMIAA state of chronic

depressed moodPSYCHOTIC DEPRESSONSevere depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false beliefs or a break with reality (delusions), or hearing or seeing upsetting things that others cannot

hear or see (hallucinations).

POSTPARTUM DEPRESSIONwhich is much more serious than the "baby blues" that many women experience after giving birth, when hormonal and physical changes and the new responsibility of caring for a newborn can be overwhelming. It is estimated that 10 to 15 percent of women experience postpartum depression after giving birth.

The five stages are:

ANGER

DENIAL

DEPRESSION

BARGAINING

ACCEPTANCE It has been estimated

that two thirds of

people with depression

do not actively try to

receive treatment.

Depression, even the

most severe cases,

can be effectively

treated. The earlier

that treatment can

begin, the more

effective it is.

HOPELESSNESS OR

PESSIMISM

GUILT

LOSS OF INTEREST

IN ACTIVITIES ONCE

OLEASURABLE

WORTHLESSNES

S

FATIGUE AND

DECREASED

ENERGY

ISOMANIA

HELPLESSNESS

DIFFICULTY IN

CONCENTRATING

,REMEMBERING

&DECISION MAKING

RESTLESSNESS

THOUGHTS OF

SUICIDE

ACHES, CRAMPS

OR DIGESTIVE

PROBLEMS

OVEREATING OR

APETITE LOSS

PERSISTENT

ANXIETY

MEDICATION

PSYCOTHERAPY

ELECTROCONVULSIVE

THERAPY

MEDICATION SIDE EFFECTS

POPULAR

ANTIDEPRESSANTS

1.SSRIS – Serotonin reuptake

inhibitors

CELEXA –citalopram

Fluoxetine –Prozac

Sertraline –Zoloft etc

2.SNRIS-serotonin and

Norepinephire reuptake inhibitors

Venlafaxine (effexor)

Duloetine(cymbalta)

3.BUPROPION(Wellbutrin)

4.TRICYCLICS

5.MAOIS

Sexual problems

Headaches

Nausea

Jitters or insomnia

Sexual problems

Headaches

Nausea

Insomania

Dizziness

Drowsiness

Dry mouth

Weight gain

Increased blood pressure

Confusion

Hallucinations

Increased sweating

Muscle stiffness

Seizures

Change in blood pressure or

heart rhythm

IPT-Interpersonal therapy

IPT helps people understand and

work through troubled

relationships that may cause their

depression or make it worse.

For mild to moderate depression,

psychotherapy may be the best

option. However, for severe

depression or for certain people,

psychotherapy may not be enough

CBT-Cognitive behavioral

therapyCBT helps people with depression

restructure negative thought

patterns. Doing so helps people

interpret their environment and

interactions with others in a positive and realistic way. . It may

also help you recognize things

that may be contributing to the

depression and help you change

behaviors that may be making the

depression worse

Several types of psychotherapy—or "talk therapy"—can help people with depression.Two main types of psychotherapies

Formerly known as "shock

therapy, before ECT begins, a

patient is put under brief

anesthesia and given a muscle

relaxant.

He or she sleeps through the

treatment and does not

consciously feel the electrical

impulses.

Within 1 hour after the treatment

session, which takes only a few

minutes, the patient is awake and

alert.

Women have higher

rate of major

depression than men.

Women have greater

proportion of somatic

symptoms, such as

appetite,sleep disturbances

and fatigue accompanied by

pain , anxiety than men .

The difference is attributed to

men choosing more effective

methods resulting in the higher

rate of success.

Instances of suicide in

men is much greater

than in women.

A Sudden switch from being very happy to

being very calm or appearing to be happy•

Always talking or thinking about death•

Clinical depression (deep sadness, loss of

interest, trouble sleeping, and eating) that

gets worse•

Having a death wish, tempting fate by

taking risks that could lead to death, like

driving thru red lights•

Losing interests in things that one used to

care about• Making comments about being

hopeless, helpless, and worthless•

Saying things like “it would be better if I

wasn’t here” or “I want out”• Talking about

suicide (kills ones self)•

Visiting or calling people one cares about

.

HOW TO HELP YOUR

FRIEND

HOW TO HELP

YOURSELF

• Offer emotional support, understanding, patience, and encouragement.

• Talk to him listen carefully.

• Never ignore comments about suicide, and report them to your loved one's therapist or doctor.

• Invite your loved one out for walks, outings and other activities. Keep trying if he or she declines, but don't push him or her to take on too much too soon.

• Provide assistance in getting to the doctor's appointments.

• Remind your loved one that with time and treatment, the depression will lift.

Do not wait too long to get evaluated or treated. There is research showing the longer one waits, the greater the impairment can be down the road.

Try to see a professional as soon as possible.

Try to be active and exercise.

Try to spend time with other people and confide in a trusted friend or relative. Try not to isolate yourself, and let others help you.

FACTS ON

DEPRESSION

Exercise is the easiest and least expensive cure for depression. Just walking 30 minutes a

day will help you and sometimes completely alleviate your symptoms. For this very

reason, many therapists take walks with clients instead of doing "couch time.“

Alcohol is a depressant. So are marijuana and a host of other recreational or street drugs.

Self-medication is not going to get you better and will surely make you worse over time.

Remember that all medications, including anti-depressants, have side effects

Depression is a common mental disorder.

Globally, more than 350 million people of all ages suffer from depression.

The World Health Organization estimates that depression will be the 2nd highest medical

cause of disability by the year 2030, 2nd only to HIV/AIDS.

According to WHO, Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat

accumulation that may impair health.

The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalancebetween calories consumed and calories expended.

• Globally, there has been:• An increased intake of energy-dense foods that

are high in fat; and • An increase in physical inactivity due to the

increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.

Most body fat is located between the skin and muscle. There are also significant amounts in the bone marrow and mesenteries and around the eyes, heart, kidneys, and spinal cord.

Our body tends to deposit fat according to our individual genetic code. In other words, hereditary characteristics dictate areas in your body that accumulate fat.

• If you are a typical female you will accumulate fat predominantly below the waist in the gluteofemoral region (lower abdomen, buttocks, hips and thighs).

• The typical male tendency is to accumulate fat predominantly above the waist around the midriff and lose it there last.

It is generally accepted that men should have less than 18% total body fat and women less than 23% and that an excess is not particularly hazardous to health until levels reach 35% and 40% total body fat respectively.

Type I – distribution overweight is “harmonious”

Type II – called gynoid obesity, where fat is distributed more on the lower body (hips, pelvis). This type of obesity is the most unsightly but associated with lower health risks;

Type III – called visceral obesity, in which fat accumulates mostly in internal organs such as abdominal viscera. This type of obesity is less visible, but the risks involved are the biggest.

Type IV – known as android obesity, where fat is deposited on the upper body. This type of obesity is generally specific to men and has quite serious consequences on health.

Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity, premature death and disability in adulthood. But in addition to increased future risks, obese children experience breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and psychological effects.

Raised BMI is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as: cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease and stroke), ; diabetes; musculoskeletal disorders (especially osteoarthritis - a highly disabling

degenerative disease of the joints); some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon).

• The risk for these non-communicable diseases increases, with an increase in BMI.

CHUBBY Dangers The fat developed around the mid sections- the

abdominal fat or visceral fat is not just the fat outside of the abdominal fat but the inside of the abdominal wall.

It is very different from the fat in arms, hips and thighs that visceral fat is not sedentary but very metabolically active and releases large amounts of toxic substances which increases the blood pressure by blocking the arteries.

The abdominal fat increases Platelet aggravation inhibitor, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and decreases adiponectin. When there is not enough of it in the body it stimulates to storing more of the belly fat.

The imbalance in the above molecules cause resistance to insulin and altered cardiometabolicrisk profile – causing atherosclerosis.

.

For long term

weight loss one

needs to expend

approximately

4000 calories to

lose one pound of

fat.

42 million children

under the age of 5

were overweight

or obese in 2013.

Most of the

world's population

live in countries

where overweight

and obesity kills

more people than

underweight.

39% of adults

aged 18 years

and over were

overweight in

2014, and 13%

were obese.

In 2014, more

than 1.9 billion

adults, 18 years

and older, were

overweight. Of

these over 600

million were

obese

Worldwide obesity

has more than

doubled since

1980.

Research over the past two decades

has shown that depression and heart

disease are common companions

and, what is worse, each can lead to

the other.

Studies have shown that the two tend

to feed off each other in a vicious, self-

destructive circle.

DIPRESSION TO HEART

DISEASE

Researchers in Montreal, Canada found that heart patients who were depressed were 4 times as likely to die in the next 6 months as those who were not depressed.

Depression may make it harder to take the medications needed and to carry out the treatment for heart disease.

Depression also may result in chronically elevated levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (part of the "fight or flight" response), which can have deleterious effects on the heart.

HEART DISEASE TO

DEPRESSION

The first studies of heart disease and

depression found that people with heart

disease were more likely to suffer from

depression than otherwise healthy

people. While about 1 in 20 American

adults experience major depression in a

given year, the number goes to about 1

in 3 for people who have suffered a

heart attack can impact much more than

a person’s heart.

It can affect many other aspects of a

person’s life, including:

Attitude and mood

Sense of certainty about the future

Confidence about one’s ability to fulfill the

roles of a productive employee, mother,

father, daughter, or son

Feelings of guilt about previous habits that

might have increased the person’s heart

attack risk

Embarrassment and self-doubt over

diminished physical capabilities

Obesity causes depression. Studies have shown that obese people are about 25 percent

more likely to experience a mood disorder like depression compared with those who are not obese.

Obesity can cause poor self-image, low self-esteem, and social isolation, all known contributors to

depression. Those who are obese can also find themselves ostracized, stereotyped, and

discriminated against. The extra weight carried around by obese people can result in chronic joint

pain as well as serious diseases like diabetes and hypertension, all of which have been linked to

depression.

Depression causes obesity. A study of adolescents in Cincinnati found that teenagers with

symptoms of depression were more likely to become obese within the next year. The study also

found that kids who were borderline obese and depressed became substantially obese over the

following year. People experiencing depression are more likely to overeat or make poor food

choices, avoid exercising, and become more sedentary. Researchers have found that depressed

people with decreased levels of the hormone serotonin also have a tendency toward obesity —

they tend to eat in an attempt to self-medicate and restore their serotonin levels to normal.

PRESENTATION BY :

RIA SHARMA & NAMRATA .S

SHAHEED RAJGURU COLLEGE OF

APPLIED SCIENCE FOR WOMEN (DU)

Always laugh when you can .

It is a cheap medicine