Development of the face

By

Dr Noura El Tahawy

Special Embryology

INTRODUCTION

Anatomical structures are more diverse in the

mouth than in any other region

The human face begins to form during the 4th

week of embryonic development

By the 6th week the external face is completed

Between the 6th and 8th weeks the development

of the palate subdivides nasal and oral cavities

This development continues into the 12th week

with completion of the soft palate

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull Face develops from 3 prominences that surround the stomatodeum

1 One frontonasal process

2 Right and Left maxillary processes (from first pharyngeal arch)

bull 3- Rightamp left Mandibular processes (from the first pharyngeal arch)

bullN B Stomodeum is a depression bounded cranially by a bulging produced by the

brain and caudally by a bulging produced by the pericardial cavity

From each side of lower part of frontonasal process two mesodermal processes

appear called medialamp lateral nasal processes (they will give the nasal cavities in the

future

Maxillary

process

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

Mandibular

process

Mandibular

process

Maxillary

process

Fronto-Nasal process

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

8

bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal

arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary

prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C

Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B

Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows

Development of face

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary

prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences

B 10- week embryo

INTRODUCTION

Anatomical structures are more diverse in the

mouth than in any other region

The human face begins to form during the 4th

week of embryonic development

By the 6th week the external face is completed

Between the 6th and 8th weeks the development

of the palate subdivides nasal and oral cavities

This development continues into the 12th week

with completion of the soft palate

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull Face develops from 3 prominences that surround the stomatodeum

1 One frontonasal process

2 Right and Left maxillary processes (from first pharyngeal arch)

bull 3- Rightamp left Mandibular processes (from the first pharyngeal arch)

bullN B Stomodeum is a depression bounded cranially by a bulging produced by the

brain and caudally by a bulging produced by the pericardial cavity

From each side of lower part of frontonasal process two mesodermal processes

appear called medialamp lateral nasal processes (they will give the nasal cavities in the

future

Maxillary

process

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

Mandibular

process

Mandibular

process

Maxillary

process

Fronto-Nasal process

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

8

bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal

arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary

prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C

Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B

Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows

Development of face

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary

prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences

B 10- week embryo

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull Face develops from 3 prominences that surround the stomatodeum

1 One frontonasal process

2 Right and Left maxillary processes (from first pharyngeal arch)

bull 3- Rightamp left Mandibular processes (from the first pharyngeal arch)

bullN B Stomodeum is a depression bounded cranially by a bulging produced by the

brain and caudally by a bulging produced by the pericardial cavity

From each side of lower part of frontonasal process two mesodermal processes

appear called medialamp lateral nasal processes (they will give the nasal cavities in the

future

Maxillary

process

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

Mandibular

process

Mandibular

process

Maxillary

process

Fronto-Nasal process

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

8

bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal

arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary

prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C

Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B

Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows

Development of face

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary

prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences

B 10- week embryo

Maxillary

process

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

Mandibular

process

Mandibular

process

Maxillary

process

Fronto-Nasal process

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

8

bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal

arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary

prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C

Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B

Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows

Development of face

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary

prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences

B 10- week embryo

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

8

bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal

arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary

prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C

Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B

Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows

Development of face

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary

prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences

B 10- week embryo

8

bull Lateral view of an embryo at the end of the fourth week showing position of the pharyngeal

arches B Frontal view of a 45-week embryo showing the mandibular and maxillary

prominences The nasal placodes are visible on either side of the frontonasal prominence C

Scanning electron micrograph of a human embryo at a stage similar to that of B

Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows

Development of face

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary

prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences

B 10- week embryo

Frontal aspect of the face A 5-week embryo B 6--week embryo The nasal prominences are gradually separated from the maxillary prominence by deep furrows

Development of face

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary

prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences

B 10- week embryo

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

A Frontal aspect of the face A 7-week embryo Maxillary

prominences have fused with the medial nasal prominences

B 10- week embryo

DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP

Each maxillary process grows medially and fuses first with the lateral nasal

process and then with medial nasal process

The medial and lateral nasal processes fuse with each other in the nasal pits (ext

nares) are cut off from stomatodaeum

The mesodermal basis of the lateral part of the lip is formed from the maxillary

process and the overlying skin is derived from the ectoderm covering this

process

The mesodermal basis of the median part of lip (philtrum) is formed from

frontonasal process

The skin of the entire upper lip is innervated by maxillary nerves

The muscles of the face along with the lips are derived from mesoderm of

second bronchial arch are supplied by the facial nerve

DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP

The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each

other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular

processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw

DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK

bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader

bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular

process from below

bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek

FACIAL MUSCLES

Muscles of face

develop from 2nd

branchial arch and

are supplied by

facial nerve

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary

and mandibular process

bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process

bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits

bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity

bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left

palatal processes and the primitive palate

bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum

(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut

bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by

facial nerve

bull Eyes develop from three sources

- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n

-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens

- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues

bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops

from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear

is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm

DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the

development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process

and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together

bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal

septum

bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand

both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that

opens on the face is called the Anterior nares

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF LOWER LIP

The mandibular process of two sides grow towards each

other and fuse in the midline The fused mandibular

processes give rise to lower lipamp to lower jaw

DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK

bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader

bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular

process from below

bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek

FACIAL MUSCLES

Muscles of face

develop from 2nd

branchial arch and

are supplied by

facial nerve

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary

and mandibular process

bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process

bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits

bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity

bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left

palatal processes and the primitive palate

bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum

(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut

bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by

facial nerve

bull Eyes develop from three sources

- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n

-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens

- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues

bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops

from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear

is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm

DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the

development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process

and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together

bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal

septum

bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand

both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that

opens on the face is called the Anterior nares

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF CHEEK

bull After the formation of the upper lip and lower lips the stomatodaeum becomes broader

bull In its lateral part it is bounded by the maxillary process from above and mandibular

process from below

bull Progressive fusion of both the processes form the cheek

FACIAL MUSCLES

Muscles of face

develop from 2nd

branchial arch and

are supplied by

facial nerve

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary

and mandibular process

bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process

bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits

bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity

bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left

palatal processes and the primitive palate

bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum

(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut

bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by

facial nerve

bull Eyes develop from three sources

- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n

-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens

- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues

bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops

from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear

is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm

DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the

development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process

and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together

bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal

septum

bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand

both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that

opens on the face is called the Anterior nares

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

FACIAL MUSCLES

Muscles of face

develop from 2nd

branchial arch and

are supplied by

facial nerve

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary

and mandibular process

bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process

bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits

bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity

bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left

palatal processes and the primitive palate

bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum

(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut

bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by

facial nerve

bull Eyes develop from three sources

- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n

-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens

- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues

bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops

from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear

is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm

DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the

development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process

and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together

bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal

septum

bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand

both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that

opens on the face is called the Anterior nares

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The cheek is formed by the fusion of posterior part of maxillary

and mandibular process

bull The nose is derived from the frontonasal process

bull The nasal cavity is formed by enlargement of the nasal pits

bull Paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths from the nasal cavity

bull The palate is formed by fusion of 3 components ie right and left

palatal processes and the primitive palate

bull The oral cavity is derived party from the stomatodaeum

(ectoderm) and partly from the foregut(endoderm)

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut

bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by

facial nerve

bull Eyes develop from three sources

- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n

-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens

- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues

bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops

from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear

is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm

DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the

development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process

and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together

bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal

septum

bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand

both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that

opens on the face is called the Anterior nares

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

bull The pharynx is derived from the foregut

bull Muscles of face develop from 2nd branchial arch and are supplied by

facial nerve

bull Eyes develop from three sources

- Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic n

-Surface ectoderm of the head - lens

- Mesoderm between these layers ndash eye muscle and vascular tissues

bull External ear develops from Ext Acoustic meatus middle ear develops

from tubotympanic recess that is derived from 1st pouch and internal ear

is derived from otic placode which is a thickening of surface ectoderm

DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the

development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process

and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together

bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal

septum

bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand

both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that

opens on the face is called the Anterior nares

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the

development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process

and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together

bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal

septum

bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand

both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that

opens on the face is called the Anterior nares

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

bull The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the

development of palate The narrowing of the fronto-nasal process

and the enlargement of nasal cavities brings them closer together

bull The intervening tissues becomes much thinned to form the nasal

septum

bull The nasal pits now deepen to form the nasal sacs which expand

both dorsally and caudally The nasal sac has a ventral orifice that

opens on the face is called the Anterior nares

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

Structures Formed Prominence

- One in number

- Forms Forehead bridge of nose and medial and lateral nasal

prominences

Frontonasal

- One on each side Merge with the lateral nasal process then with the

medial nasal process to form

- Part of Cheeks Upper lip except the median part (Philtrum) Upper

Jaw except median part Definitive palate

Maxillary (Two)

-- Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

medially - Merge with each other in the middle line to form

intermaxillary segment which will give

- Philtrum of upper lip Median part of upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors)

Primitive palate Primitive nasal septum crestamp tip of the nose

Two Medial nasal

(from frontonasal

Process)

-Two arise from lower border of frontonasal process one on each side

laterally Separated from the maxillary process by cleft where the

nasolacrimal duct lies - Give Alae of nose

Two Lateral nasal

(from frontonasal

process)

- One on each side below the maxillary processes Merge with its

fellow of other side to form - Whole Lower lip Whole lower jaw

Most of cheek

Mandibular (two)

Summary Structures Contributing to Formation of the Face

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSORYamp MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF THE

FACE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

25

The process and its

derivatives

Nerve supply

Frontonasal process Ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Maxillary processes Maxillary nerve from trigeminal (First

arch nerve)

Mandibular

processes

Mandibular nerve from trigeminal

(First arch nerve)

The muscles of the face (Facial expression muscles) along with

the lips are derived from mesenchyme of second bronchial arch

Thus they are supplied by the facial nerve

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE

Formed of proliferation of mesoderm ventral to forebrain 1- Frontonasal

process formation

-2 oval ectodermal thickenings on the surface of lateral parts of frontonasal process 2 Nasal placodes

-Mesoderm proliferation occurs around the nasal placodes

- Horse shoe- shaped

- On the sides of nasal placodes the proliferation forms the medial amp lateral nasal

prominences

- Nasal pits occur in the center of each of them

3 Lateralamp Medial

nasal prominences

-Results from fusion of medial nasal prominences

-It will give rise philtrum of upper lip primitive nasal septum amp median part of the

upper jaw (carrying 4 incisors) amp the primitive palate

3 Premaxilla

- Extension of the maxillary process below the nasal pit converts the pits into

primitive cavity

4 Nasal cavity

-Primitive septum formed by intermaxillary segment of frontonasal process

-Definitive septum formed by proliferation of mesoderm of the roof of stomodeum

-grows amp divides nasal cavity into Rt amp Lt halves

5 Nasal septum

-Nasolacrimal groove is formed between maxillary process amp latera nassal fold By 5

th week fusion of the two processes occurs

-Beneath the line of fusion solid cord of cells appear then canalized amp its cranial end

expanded to from the lacrimal sac

6 Nasolacrimal duct

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

27

Intermaxillary segment and maxillary processes B The intermaxillary segment giving rise to the philtrum of the upper lip the median part of the maxillary bone

with its four incisor teeth and the triangular primary palate

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE

I Stage of formation of processes

1- Formation of Primitive or Primary Palate

bull By 5 th week Intermaxillary process of frontonasal process 1ry palate later becomes the premaxilla of hard palateIncisive fossa (the anterior triangular area bounded by the 4 incisor teeth)

2 Formation of Definitive (secondary) palate

bull Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meetingamp fusion with 1ry palate

II Stage of meetingamp fusion of the processes

bull Palatine processes grow mediallyamp fuse with each other in the midline amp fuse with the primitive palate Fusion of the premaxilla palatine processes of maxillaamp nasal septum begins at 8 th week

III- Stage of ossification to form Hard palate

bull The anterior frac34 of the palate ossify hard palate amp posterior frac14 the soft palate amp uvula

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENTAL

ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

31

A Incomplete cleft lip B Bilateral cleft lip C Cleft lip cleft jaw and cleft palate D Isolated cleft palate E Oblique facial

cleft

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

32

Ventral view of the palate gum lip and nose A Normal B Unilateral cleft lip extending into the nose C Unilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw and

extending to the incisive foramen D Bilateral cleft involving the lip and jaw E

Isolated cleft palate F Cleft palate combined with unilateral anterior cleft lip

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

INCIDENCE

Cleft lip is common among males while cleft palate is more

common among females

Unilateral clefts - 80 of the incidence

Bilateral clefts - remaining 20

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE -

Cleft palate - A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth

resulting from incomplete fusion of the palate during

embryonic development

Cleft lip - A congenital deformity characterized by a vertical

cleft or pair of clefts in the upper lip with or without

involvement of the palate Defective fusion of the medial nasal

process with the maxillary process leads to cleft lip

GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PALATE

(VEAUrsquoS CLASSIFICATION)

Most accepted

GROUP I- cleft of the soft palate only

GROUP II-Cleft of the hard and soft palate to the incisive foramen

GROUP III-Complete unilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and

the lip and alveolar ridge on one side

GROUP IV-Complete bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palate and the

lip and alveolar ridge on both sides

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

1-Oblique facial cleft

- cleft extends from the upper lip to orbit

- Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral margin of

frontonasal process

2- Cleft upper lip ( hare lip) Involve upper lip cleft with or without cleft palate

(medial nasal process)

-Median hare lip partial or complete failure of fusion of the two medial nasal

processes to form the intermaxillary segment (absent phitrum)

- Unilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary process with intermaxillary

processes ( the medial nasal process) on one side

-Bilateral hare lip failure of fusion of maxillary processes with intermaxillary

processes (the medial nasal processes) of both sides

3- Median cleft lower lip

- Due to failure of fusion between the 2 mandibular processes

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

4- Macrostomia (larg mouth)

Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift

the angle medially gtgtgt very big oral fissure

5- Microstomia

Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes

gtgtgtgtvery small oral fissure

6- Aganthia absent lower jaw

7- Micrganthia small lower jaw

8- Atresia of nasolacrimal duct failure of the canalization of the nasolacrimal

duct

9 Congenital anomalies of the nose

1Absent Nose No nasal processes are formed

2Single nostril Only one nasal Placode is formed

3Stenosis (Narrowing) of the nostril

4Deviation of the Nasal Septum

5Bifid nose if the medial nasal processes do not merge completely

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE FACE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

bull Ear consists of 3 anatomical parts

- Internal ear

- Middle ear

- External ear

-External ear

External acoustic meatus-

Develops by deepening of the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal groove

bull Pinna or Auricle

Six mesenchymal hillocks ndash Auricular hillocks develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

-Middle ear

Develops from the tubotympanic recess ie derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Tympanic cavity- Distal portion of the tubotympanic recess expands

-Tympanic membrane Ectodermal lining from1 ST pharyngeal groove

-Mesodermal lining from 1st and 2nd arch

-Endodermal lining from tubotympanic recess

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

Ear ossicles

bull 1st bone to attain ultimate size

bull Maleus and Incus develop from the 1st arch

bull Stapes develop from 2nd arch

bull Ossification begins in the 16th week and continues up to the 25th week

-INTERNAL EAR

bull OTIC PLACODE

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF EAR

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

bull Eyes develop from three sources

Neuroectoderm of the forebrain - retina optic

nerve

Surface ectoderm of the head- lens

Mesoderm between these layers - eye muscle and

vascular tissues

bull 1st indication of eye formation is optic sulcus

which is formed in the 4th week

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH

bull The teeth are formed in relation to the dental lamina An enlargement of

dental lamina for each tooth is formed which is called the enamel organ

Ameloblasts form the enamel odontoblasts form the dentine and the

mesenchyme that invaginates into enamel organ forms the pulp

bull The ant 23rd of the tongue is formed from the lingual swellings and the

tuberculum impar

bull The post13rd of the tongue is formed by cranial part of hypobranchial

eminence

bull The salivary glands develop as outgrowths of buccal epithelium

bull The palatine tonsil develops in relation to 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

Anodontia

Oligodontia

Microdontiamacrodontia

Gemination Concrescence

FUSION

Fusion

Dilaceration

Supernumerary teeth

Amelogenesis imperfecta

SUPERNUMERARY Enviornmental enamel hypoplasia

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Congenitally missing teeth (most commonly

the upper laterals)

Presence of natal or neonatal teeth

Presence of supernumerary teeth

Ectopically erupting teeth

Anomalies of tooth morphology

Enamel hypoplasia

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

Microdontia

Fused teeth

Macrodontia

Mobile and early shedding of teeth due to poor

periodontal support

Posterior and anterior cross bite

Protruding premaxilla

Deep bite

Spacingcrowding

DENTAL PROBLEMS-

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

Third week Development of ear

Formation of Stomatodaeum

Fourth week

Formation of Fronto-nasal process maxillary and mandibular

process

Development of cranial base

Formation of pharyngeal arches

Development of tongue

Fifth week Formation of Nasal placode Medial and lateral nasal process

Development of mandible

Sixth week Development of Nasal cavity

Development of Parotid and Submandibular salivary glands

Seventh week Formation of pre-maxilla

Eight week Formation of definitive palate

Development of Sublingual salivary glands

Tenth week Development of TMJ

Development of Maxillary sinus

Twelth week Development of Ethmoidal Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

I GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON

1 Development of the face

2 Development of the Palate

3 Development of the Nose

4 Congenital anomalies of the faceamp its causes

5 Congenital anomalies of the Palateamp lip amp its causes

6 Innervation of the face from Embryological

background

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

II COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS

1 A Furrow calledhelliphelliphelliphellipforms between maxillary and lateral nasal

prominence

2 Nasolacrimal groove gives rise to helliphelliphellip and helliphelliphellipMost of the face

originates from helliphellipand helliphellip type of cells

3 The helliphelliphellip and helliphellip pharyngeal arches are responsible about the

development of the face

4 Early structures that form the face appear at thehelliphelliphellip week

5 At 10 weeks in the face the helliphelliphelliphelliphellip develop from mandibular

prominence

6 At 10 weeks what structures arise from Medial nasal prominence

1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

8 The primitive palate is formed from helliphelliphellipprocess While the secondary palate

is formed from helliphellip process

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

III MCQ

1 The palatine processes begin to fuse at

A six weeks post-fertilization

B eight weeks post-fertilization

C ten weeks post-fertilization

D twelve weeks post-fertilization

2 Complete bilateral cleft palate is due to failure of fusion of the

A palatine processes

B palatine and frontonasal processes

C palatine frontonasal and secondary nasal processes

D palatine frontonasal secondary nasal processes and mandibular

processes

THANKS

THANKS