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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF THEIR
HORMONES
• GROUP MEMBERS:• AISHA RAHIM• AISHA TAUFIQUE
BAWA• ALEENA JAMEEL• AAFREEN BADAR
ASSALAM-O-ALIKUM
BY: AISHA RAHIM
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to secrete. In general, a gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. The endocrine system affects almost every organ and cell in the body.
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
ORGANSThe endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testicles (in males).
FUNCTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEMThe endocrine system controls the way your body functions. It produces hormones that travel to all parts of your body to maintain your tissues and organs. Here are a few of the areas governed by the endocrine system:ReproductionResponses to stress and injuryGrowth and sexual developmentBody energy levelsInternal balance of body systemsBone ad muscle strength
GLANDS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM• ADRENAL GANDS• IT SECRETES ADRENALINE HORMONE WHEN THE
BODY IS UNDER STRESS.• HYPOTHALAMUS• IT CONTROLS HORMONE PRODUCTION BY RELEASING
DIFFERENT CHEMICALS TO PITUITARY GLANDS.• OVARIES• PRODUCE ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE, ALSO
INVOLVE IN EGG-CELL PRODUCTION.• PANCREAS• IT SECRETES INSULIN.
ASSALAM-O-ALIKUM
• BY:AISHA TAUFIQUE BAWA
CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
• HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
1. STEROID HORMONES2. PEPTIDE HORMONES3. AMINE HORMONES
STEROID HORMONES• Steroid hormones are
derived from cholesterol.• The endocrine glands are
responsible for the production of steroid hormones, the adrenal gland, the ovary, and the testis, commonly known as the gonads.
• Steroid hormones have a few important functions in the body including water balance, sexual development and stress response.
• Many but not all steroids are hormones, however, not all steroids are hormones.
• Five classes of steroid hormones: • 1. ANDROGENS • 2. ESTROGENS • 3. PROGESTINS • 4. MINERALOCORTICOIDS • 5. GLUCOCORTICOIDS • Androgens- Promote male sex development and
maintain male sex characteristics.• Estrogens-Promote female sex development.• In plants, auxin is an example of a steroid
hormone that regulates longitudinal cell structure so as to allow bending of the stalk or stem in phototrophic response.
• Glucocorticoids• Glucocorticoids originate in the adrenal cortex and
affect mainly metabolism; decrease inflammation and increase resistance to stress.
• Mineralocorticoids• Mineralocorticoids originate in adrenal cortex and
maintain salt and water balance. • Progestin• Progestin originate from both ovaries and
placenta, and mediate menstrual cycle and maintain pregnancy.
ASSALAM-O-ALIKUM
• BY:ALEENA JAMEEL
Peptide Hormones• Polypeptide hormones, or simply
peptide hormones, are hormones made up of amino acids that are secreted by the endocrine system.
• Endocrine organs that secrete peptide hormones include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenals, ovaries, endocrine pancreas, and adipose tissues.
• Peptide hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are generally named releasing factors, and include corticotropin-, gonadotropin-, somatotropin-, and thyrotropin-releasing factor.
• Those secreted by the anterior pituitary include melanocyte-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyrotropic hormone, and growth hormone or somatotropin.
• The posterior pituitary secretes vasopressin and oxytocin.
• Other peptide hormones include thyroxine from the thyroid gland, cortisol from the adrenals, and insulin from the pancreas.
• Peptide hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus, located in the limbic system.
ASSALAM-O-ALIKUM
• BY: Aafreen badar
Amine Hormones • Derived from Tyrosine.• The thyroid hormones are synthesized and
stored in the thyroid gland and incorporated into macromolecules of the protein thyroglobulin, which is stored in large follicles within the thyroid gland.
• Hormone secretion occurs when the amines are split from thyroglobulin, and the free hormones are then released into the blood stream.
• After entering the blood, most of the thyroid hormones combine with plasma proteins, especially thyroxine-binding globulin, which slowly releases the hormones to the target tissues.
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine are formed in the adrenal medulla.
• Catecholaminesare taken up into preformed vesicles and stored until secreted.
• Similar to the protein hormones stored in secretory granules, catecholamines are also released from adrenal medullary cells by exocytosis.
• Once the catecholamines enter the circulation, they can exist in the plasma in free form or in conjugation with other substances.
Endocrine Disorders• Endocrine disorders involve either too much or too little hormone
secretion. • Disorders may result from a problem in the gland itself, or because the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis provides too much or too little stimulation. • Depending on the type of cell they originate in, tumors can produce
excess hormones or destroy normal glandular tissue, decreasing hormone production.
• Sometimes the body's immune system attacks an endocrine gland, decreasing hormone production.
• Doctors usually measure levels of hormones in the blood to tell how an endocrine gland is functioning.
• Sometimes blood levels alone do not give enough information about endocrine gland function, so doctors measure hormone levels after giving a stimulus (such as a sugar-containing drink, a drug, or a hormone that can trigger hormone release) or after having the patient take an action (such as fasting).
