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Factor Affecting The Selection Of Exepients.
BY-SNIGDHA SHUKLAM.PHARM (1ST YEAR)
FACTOR AFFECTING EXEPIENTS
FLAVOURING AGENTS
COLORING AGENTS
DILUTENTS
DISINTIGRENTS
BINDER
LUBRICANTS
GLIDENTS
BUFFERS
SWEETNING AGENTS
HUMECTENTS
EXCIPIENTS
An excipient is an inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication.
In many cases, an "active" substance (such as aspirin) may not be easily administered and absorbed by the human body
Example: Binders, Disintegrants, Diluents, Flavours,
INTRODUCTION:
TYPES OF EXCIPIENTS
AntiadhereUSED to reduce the adhesion bet
ween the powder (gran
ules)
BindersBinders hold the ingredients in a tablet together
Coatingstablet ingredients
from deterioration by moisture
Disintegrantsdissolve when
wet causing the tablet to break
apart
Fillers and diluents
fill out the size of a tablet
Flavorsused to mask unpleasant
tasting active ingredients
Colors improve the
appearance of a formulation
Glidantspromote powder flow by reducing
interparticle friction
LubricantsPrevent ingredients
from clumping together and from
sticking to the tablet punches
PreservativesPRESERVE THE FORMULATION
Excipients – an overview● Drug products contain both drug substance (commonly
referred to as active pharmaceutical ingredient or API) and excipients.
● The resultant biological, chemical and physical properties of the drug product are directly affected by the excipients chosen, their concentration and interactions with the API
● Excipients are sub-divided into various functional classifications, depending on the role that they are intended to play in the resultant formulation.
● Certain excipients can have different functional roles in different formulation types,e.g. lactose; widely used as:
● Furthermore, individual excipients can have different grades, types and sources depending on those different functional roles….
Diluents (Fillers)● Bulking agent
◦ E.g. to make a tablet weight practical for the patient: minimum tablet weight is typically ~50mg.
● Compression aid◦ Deforms and/or fragments readily to facilitate robust
bonding in tablet compacts, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose.
● Good bulk powder flow….diluents have a strong influence
● Favoured combinations: Lactose is an excellent choice of filler in many respects but can exhibit poor flow characteristics
Disintegrants● As an aid to de-aggregation of solid
dosage forms. Disintegrants cause rapid break up (disintegration) of solid dosage forms upon exposure to moisture.
● Generally, disintegration is viewed as the first stage in the dissolution process, although dissolution does occur simultaneously with disintegration.
Binders● Binders act as an adhesive to ‘bind
together’ powders, granules and tablets to result in the necessary mechanical strength.◦ Water is the most common granulating fluid, very occasionally
in a co-solvent system with, e.g. ethanol.● Examples:
◦ Dry binders: Microcrystalline cellulose, cross-linked PVP
◦ Solution binders: HPMC, PVP◦ Soluble in water/ethanol mix: PVP
LubricantsCompression lubricants prevent adherence of granule/powder to punch die/faces and promote smooth ejection from the die after compaction:
EX:
Magnesium stearate is by far the most extensively used tableting lubricant
There are alternatives, e.g. stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, sodium behenate
GlidantsMost commonly; colloidal silicon dioxide
(traditionally, talc was used)● Good bulk powder flowability is especially
important during high speed processing● Glidants improve flow by adhering to
particles and so reducing inter-particulate friction
● Very low bulk density (0.03 – 0.04g/cm3)
Excipients For Solution/Suspension Products
Again, excipients are sub-divided into various functional
classifications, depending on the role that they play in
the resultant formulation….
Solvents/Co-Solvents● Water is the solvent most widely used as a vehicle
due to:◦ Lack of toxicity, physiological compatibility, and good solubilising power
(high dielectric constant), but ⚫Likely to cause instability of hydrolytically unstable drugs⚫Good vehicle for microbial growth
● Sorbitol, dextrose, etc. are often added as solubilisers, as well as base sweeteners
● Water-miscible co-solvents are used to:◦ Enhance solubility, taste, anti-microbial effectiveness or stability◦ Reduce dose volume (e.g. oral, injections)◦ Examples: propylene glycol, glycerol, ethanol, low molecular weight
PEGs● Water-immiscible co-solvents, e.g.
◦ Emulsions / microemulsions using fractionated coconut oils
Buffering Agents● Can be necessary to maintain pH of the formulation
to:◦Ensure physiological compatibility◦Maintaining/optimising chemical stability◦Maintaining/optimising anti-microbial
effectiveness◦Optimise solubility (or insolubility if taste is
an issue)
Anti-microbial PreservativesPreservatives are used in ● multi-use cosmetic/pharmaceutical products● Ideally targeted for microbial cells - showing no toxicity/irritancy
towards mammalian cells● There are a limited number of approved preservatives available for
multi-use oral products, and options are even more limited for other routes of administration
● This restricted number can be further reduced by consideration of factors such as levels required (dose), pH-solubility profiles, API & excipient incompatibilities, adsorption, irritancy and toxicity.
Anti-Oxidants● Used to control oxidation of:
◦ API◦ Preservative, e.g. potassium sorbate◦ Vehicle, e.g. oils or fats susceptible to β-oxidation (rancidification)◦ Colourants (ageing discolouration)
● Sacrificial (more oxidisable than API, preservative, etc). Levels will reduce with time…. need to be monitored by specific assay◦ Light exposure and metal ion impurities can accelerate oxidative
degradation and hence depletion of antioxidant● Need to assess regulatory acceptability (differs in different
countries)● Efficacy can be affected by:
◦ Compatibility with other excipients◦ Partitioning into micelles (from surfactants)
Sweetening Agents Natural sweeteners
◦ Sucrose; ◦ Sorbitol
Artificial sweeteners◦ Can impart a bitter or metallic after-taste (hence used in combination
with natural sweeteners), e.g.⚫Saccharin, and it’s salts⚫Aspartame⚫Acesulfame –K⚫Sucralose – excellent sweetness, non-cariogenic, low calorie, wide & growing
regulatory acceptability but relatively expensive
Humectants● Hygroscopic excipients used at ~5% in aqueous
suspensions and emulsions for external application.
● Their function is to retard evaporation of aqueous vehicle of dosage form:◦ To prevent drying of the product after application to the skin◦ To prevent drying of product from the container after first
opening◦ To prevent cap-locking caused by condensation onto neck of
container-closure of a container after first opening
Examples include: ◦ propylene glycol◦ glycerol ◦ PEG