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Nutrition in Nutrition in AdolescenceAdolescence
EditionEdition
Adolescence is a challenge to health professionals when it comes
to providing nutritional needs, because this period is
characterized by…
1. Accelerated Growth
2. Changes in lifestyle, including food habits
3. Involvement in social and physical activities
4. Emotional problems associated with increased personal and academic responsibilities; and psychological concern
5. Problems with some teenagers that demand special nutritional needs: smoking drug and alcohol abuse, pregnancy, and eating disorders
Adolescence
Defintion:
– transition period between childhood
– marked by the beginning of secondary sex characteristics and the end of somatic growth (with girls maturing earlier than boys)
Stages of Adolescence
Pre-puberty (Pre-pubescence)
• 10-12 years old
• Endocrine changes start
• Menarche (for girls) – onset of menses
Puberty (Pubescence)
• 13-15 years old
• Maturation of total body: gains about 20% of adult height and 50% of adult weight
• Hip width increases in the girls
• Girls start puberty 2 years ahead of boys
Puberty (Pubescence)
• Girls: gain more fat than boys; boys: gain more lean tissues than girls
• Other indications of sexual maturation: pubic hair growth, development of the genitals, change in voice
• Growth Spurt – 18-24 month period when growth rate is fastest
Post-puberty (Post-pubescence)
• 16-19 years old
• Maturation of the function of the sex organs
• Cessation of growth in females
• Beginning of adulthood
Psychological Changes During Adolescence
Emotional mental and social changes that affect the total
personality and food habits of the teenager
Early Adolescence (10-12 years old)
• Aware of peer relationships
• Starts to be conscious of the body parts and body image
• Trusts parents and adults
Mid-adolescence (13-15 years old)
• More peer pressure
• More independence from parents and less trustful of adults
• Significant cognitive development
Late Adolescence (16-19 years old)
• Established a body image
• Definitely shows independence
• Makes plans for the future
• Establishes more intimacy and permanent relationships with others
• More interest given on healthcare and careers
Nutritional Needs of Adolescents
ENERGYA. Energy needs of adolescents are
influenced by activity level, basal metabolic rate and increased requirements to support pubertal growth and development.
B. Adolescent males
higher caloric requirements
ENERGY
C. Adolescent growth spurt is sensitive to energy and nutrient deprivation
D. Insufficient energy intake may occur due to:1) Restrictive dieting2) Inadequate monetary resources3) Secondary factors (substance abuse,
chronic illness, etc.)
Energy
10-12 y/o 13-15 y/o 16-18 y/o
Males 2140 kcal 2800 kcal 2840 kcal
Females 1920 kcal 2250 kcal 2050 kcal
PROTEIN
A. Correlates with growth pattern rather than chronological age
B. Maintenance of existing lean body mass
C. Accumulation of additional lean body mass during growth spurt
PROTEIN
D. Protein supplies about 15-20% of total Calories/day
E. Years of highest protein requirement per unit of height:
1) Females: 11-14 years2) Males: 15-18 years* Peak height velocity
PROTEIN
PROTEIN
10-12 y/o 13-15 y/o 16-18 y/o
Males 6.8 mg 9 mg 8.9 mg
Females 6 mg 7.9 mg 7 mg
MINERALS: Calcium
*Calcium and iron – two minerals often lacking in Filipino teenagers
A. Calcium1) Great need for calcium - increase in
skeletal growth2) 45% of peak bone mass - attained
during adolescence; by around 17 y/o, adolescents have attained approximately 90% of their adult bone mass
• Adolescence – “window of opportunity” for optimal bone development
MINERALS: Calcium
CALCIUM
10-12 y/o 13-15 y/o 16-18 y/o
Males 1000 mg 1000 mg 1000 mg
Females 1000 mg 1000 mg 1000 mg
MINERALS: Iron1) Transporting oxygen in the bloodstream2) Prevention of anemia3) Need increases due to rapid growth and
expansion of blood volume and muscle mass4) Menstruation – additional iron needs for females5) Iron needs are highest:
a. Males: Growth spurtb. Females: After menarche (compensation for blood
loss during periods)
MINERALS: Iron
IRON
10-12 y/o 13-15 y/o 16-18 y/o
Males 13 mg 20 mg 14 mg
Females 19 mg 21 mg 27 mg
MINERALS: Zinc
1) Associated with more than 100 specific enzymes
2) Protein formation3) Gene expression4) Growth and sexual maturation• Serum zinc levels decline
during adolescence – rapid growth and hormonal changes
MINERALS: Zinc
ZINC
10-12 y/o 13-15 y/o 16-18 y/o
Males 6.8 mg 9 mg 8.9 mg
Females 6 mg 7.9 mg 7 mg
MINERALS: Phosphorus and
Magnesium
Phosphorus and Magnesium – works with
calcium for bone development
VITAMINS• Needs for thiamine, niacin
and riboflavin correlate with energy intake; these B-vitamins are needed to release energy from carbohydrates
• Males from 16-19 y/o have higher vitamin needs for A, C and B-complex
VITAMINS
A. Vitamin A – normal vision; reproduction, growth and immune function
B. Vitamin E – antioxidants become more important as body mass expands during adolescence
C. Vitamin C – synthesis of collagen and other connective tissues
D. Folate – DNA, RNA and protein synthesis
WATER
• Needed for accelerated growth and development of body cells; increased energy utilization and other metabolic processes, active exercise
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
• Depression, swollen breasts, water retention, feeling tired and being moody the week before the period
• Tips to avoid/alleviate PMSo Eat less salt and salty foodso Eat less coffee, tea, colas and
chocolateso Have 5-6 meals a day composed of
foods from the Food Guideo Exercise
WEIGHT CONCERNS• Lack of exercise• Misinformation about some
foods• Tips to lose weight for
teenagers:o Cut down on soft drinks, cakes,
pies, candy, chips, mayonnaise, salad dressings and gravies
o Choose baked or broiled food rather than fried
o Exercise
Feeding Problems During Adolescence
Various factors such as lifestyle, emotional and social influences
affect the eating habits and nutrient intake of nutrients
Irregular Meals and Snacking
1. Skipping meals caused by poor time management
2. Fast foods and junk foods eaten to satisfy hunger
Establishing Body Image
1. Eating disorder - an obsession with food and weight that harms a person's well-being and health
a. Anorexia nervosa have an extreme fear of weight gain and a distorted view of their body size and shape
Establishing Body Image
b. Bulimia - eating a lot of food at once (also known as bingeing), then throwing up or using laxatives to remove the food from the body (called purging).
c. Binge Eating Disorder consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating
Establishing Body Image
2. Right and healthy way to get in a good physical shape: Proper nutrition combined with regular exercise or physical activities
Food Dislikes and Food Idiosyncrasies
Factors that influence the food dislikes and idiosyncrasies1. Influence of elders during the
teenagers’ childhood2.Media and other advertisements 3. Peers4. Psychological factors
Conditioning Factors of Inadequate Dietary
Intake1. Poverty
• Inadequate intake of essential nutrients is caused by lack of budget for nutritional foods
• Solution: Home garden, proper budgeting
2. Parasitism• Causes interference or holdup in the nutrient
utilization of the host or human• Solution: Keep surroundings clean, practice
personal hygiene, safeguard public water supply
Adolescents with Special Nutritional
Needs
The Pregnant Adolescent
• Increased nutrient needs from both the pregnancy state, as well as for her growth and development
• Family support and guidance counselling
• Educate and encourage the pregnant adolescent to gain the recommended amount of weight
The Athlete Adolescent• Energy need and water needs are the
most critical
• Vulnerable to food fads and myths that say would enhance their performance
– Inappropriate use of nutritional supplements and other “ergogenic aids” will do more harm than good.
Substance Abuse• Taking drugs, heavy smoking and
alcoholic drinking certainly causes loss of appetite.
• The addict would rather spend more time and money on them than on good food.
Acne
• Since it is hormonal, serious cases should be medically treated. Effective medication includes oral antibiotics and topical ointments.
• Severity of the acne problem varies among teenagers, but diet is not a big causative factor -It is initiated by the influence of testosterone on the sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin.
References:• Adolescent Nutrition - Feeding your Teenager. (n.d.). Keep Kids Healthy - free pediatric parenting advice.
Retrieved February 24, 2010, from http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/adolescent/adolescentnutrition.html
• Adolescent Nutrition. (n.d.). Pediatrics Clerk. Retrieved February 24, 2010, from http://pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu/adolescentNutrition.html
• Claudio, V. S., Dirige, O. V., & Jamorabi-Ruiz, A. (2002). Basic nutrition for Filipinos. Manila: Manila Merriam School & Office Supplies.
• Nutrition for School Age Children - Keep Kids Healthy. (n.d.). Keep Kids Healthy - free pediatric parenting advice. Retrieved February 24, 2010, from http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/Schoolage/schoolagenutrition.html
• Nutrition: School-Age. (n.d.). University of Virginia Health System. Retrieved February 24, 2010, from http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/UVAHealth/adult_pediatrics/nutrschoolage.cfm
• Eating Disorders. (2010). KidsHealth - the Web's most visited site about children's health. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/problems/eat_disorder.html#
• Eating Disorders: Facts for Teens -- familydoctor.org. (n.d.). familydoctor.org Home -- familydoctor.org. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/children/teens/eating/277.html
• Story, M., & Stang, J. (2005). Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from Epidemiology and Community Health - University of Minnesota: http://www.epi.umn.edu/let/pubs/adol_book.shtm
Time for the QUIZ! :)
QUIZ!! FN 110 Group 4
NAME: ____________________________
All About Nutrition in School Age and Adolescence
Across1(stage) maturation of the function of the sex organs (2 words)5onset of menses7 6-12 years of age (2 words)8 one of the two most important minerals during school age9 a condition resulting from insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of nutrients10 state of malnutrition in which there is excessive accumulation of depot fat
Down2taking drugs, heavy smoking and alcoholic drinking (2 words)3 a skin condition common in adolescents marked by the eruption of pimples or pustules, especially on the face4 transition period between childhood6 eating a lot of food at once then throwing up or using laxatives to remove the food from the body
ANSWER KEY
QUIZ!! FN 110 Group 4
NAME: ____________________________
All About Nutrition in School Age and Adolescence
Across1(stage) maturation of the function of the sex organs (2 words)5onset of menses7 6-12 years of age (2 words)8 one of the two most important minerals during school age9 a condition resulting from insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of nutrients10 state of malnutrition in which there is excessive accumulation of depot fat
Down2taking drugs, heavy smoking and alcoholic drinking (2 words)3 a skin condition common in adolescents marked by the eruption of pimples or pustules, especially on the face4 transition period between childhood6 eating a lot of food at once then throwing up or using laxatives to remove the food from the body
