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MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
ANATOMY Planes of the body
Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral
Superficial Deep Internal External Proximal Distal
ANATOMY Directional Terms
ANATOMY Movement terms
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction External Rotation Internal Rotation Pronation Supination
Lateral flexion Rotation Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Inversion Eversion
ANATOMY Anatomic Position
Anatomical Position Supine Prone Sidelying Trendelenburg Reverse
trendelenburg sitting
Skeletal System The human skeleton is a strong,
flexible framework of 206 bones that supports the body and protects internal organs.
In addition, the bones of the skeleton store calcium, a mineral essential for the activity of nerve and muscle cells.
The soft core of bone, the bone marrow, is where red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and blood platelets form.
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The Skull
Skeletal System Neck
- Contains important structures
- Cervical Vertebrae
- Spinal Cord - Esophagus
- Trachea or Windpipe
- NAV ( vagus, carotid, jugular )
Neck
The Spinal Column
The Thorax
Abdominal Cavity
- 2nd Major Body Cavity- Peritoneum - Organs of Digestion and Excretion- Boundary – Best described by QUADRANTS
Landmarks
- Costal Arch (6th – 10th Ribs) - Umbilicus (4th Lumbar)
- Iliac Crest (5th Lumbar) - Symphysis Pubis
Pelvic Cavity
- Bony Ring (2 pelvic bones, 1 sacrum)- Pelvic Bones (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis)- Contents (Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, Rectum)
Upper Extremity Bones
Lower Extremity
FIRST AID the provision of initial
care for an illness or injury
usually performed by non-expert, but trained personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed
FIRST AID
OBJECTIVES:Preserve lifePrevent further harmPromote recovery
FIRST AID RESPONSIBILITIES• Bridge the gap between the victim and the
physician
• Ensure his own safety, that of the victim’s, and of bystanders
• Gain access to the victim
• Determine threats to the victim’s life
FIRST AID RESPONSIBILITIES• Call for more medical assistance as needed
• Provide emergency care to the victim
• Assist Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and other personnel when they arrive
• Remember all assessments and care given to the victim
FIRST AID CHARACTERISTICS Gentle
Resourceful
Observant
Tactful
Empathetic
Respectful
Dedicated
Creative
ASSESSMENT• Name, age, sex• Chief complain• A-B-C• Vital Signs• History• Physical Examination: how?• Further History
Baseline Vital Signs
Gathering Key Patient Information
Obtain the patient’s name. Note the age, gender, and race. Look for identification if the patient is
unconscious.
Chief Complaint The major sign and/or symptom reported by
the patient Symptoms
– Problems or feelings a patient reports Signs
– Conditions that can be seen, heard, felt, smelled, or measured
Obtaining a SAMPLE History (1 of 2)
S—Signs and Symptoms– What signs and symptoms occurred at
onset? A—Allergies
– Is the patient allergic to medications, foods, or other?
M—Medications– What medications is the patient taking?
Obtaining a SAMPLE History (2 of 2)
P—Pertinent past history– Does the patient have any medical
history? L—Last oral intake
– When did the patient last eat or drink? E—Events leading to injury or illness
– What events led to this incident?
OPQRST (1 of 2)
O—Onset– When did the problem first start?
P—Provoking factors – What creates or makes the problem
worse? Q—Quality of pain
– Description of the pain
OPQRST (2 of 2)
R—Radiation of pain or discomfort– Does the pain radiate anywhere?
S—Severity – Intensity of pain on 1-to-10 scale
T—Time– How long has the patient had this
problem?
Baseline Vital Signs (1 of 3)
Key signs used to evaluate a patient’s condition
First set is known as baseline vitals. Repeated vital signs compared to the
baseline
Baseline Vital Signs (2 of 3)
Vital signs always include:– Respirations– Pulse– Blood pressure
Baseline Vital Signs (3 of 3)
Other key indicators include:–Skin temperature and condition in adults
–Capillary refill time in children
–Pupils
–Level of consciousness
Respirations Rate
– Number of breaths in 30 seconds ´ 2
Quality– Character of
breathing Rhythm
– Regular or irregular
Effort– Normal or
labored Noisy respiration
– Normal, stridor, wheezing, snoring, gurgling
Depth– Shallow or deep
Respiratory Rates
Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min
Children 15 to 30 breaths/min
Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min
Pulse Oximetry Evaluates the effectiveness of
oxygenation Probe is placed on finger or earlobe. Pulse oximetry is a tool. Does not replace good patient
assessment
Pulse (1 of 3)
Pulse (2 of 3)
Pulse (3 of 3)
Rate– Number of beats in 30 seconds ´ 2
Strength– Bounding, strong, or weak (thready)
Regularity– Regular or irregular
Normal Ranges for Pulse Rate
Adults 60 to 100 beats/min
Children 70 to 150 beats/min
Infants 100 to 160 beats/min
The Skin Color
– Pink, pale, blue, red, or yellow
Temperature– Warm, hot, or cool
Moisture– Dry, moist, or wet
Capillary Refill Evaluates the ability of
the circulatory system to restore blood to the capillary system (perfusion)
Tested by depressing the patient’s fingertip and looking for return of blood
Blood Pressure Blood pressure is a vital sign. A drop in blood pressure may indicate:
– Loss of blood– Loss of vascular tone– Cardiac pumping problem
Blood pressure should be measured in all patients older than 3 years.
Measuring Blood Pressure Diastolic
– Pressure during relaxing phase of the heart’s cycle
Systolic– Pressure during contraction
Measured as millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) Recorded as systolic/diastolic
Blood Pressure Equipment
Auscultation of Blood Pressure (1 of 2)
Place cuff on patient’s arm. Palpate brachial artery and place
stethoscope. Inflate cuff until you no longer hear pulse
sounds. Continue pumping to increase pressure by
an additional 20 mm Hg.
Auscultation of Blood Pressure (2 of 2)
Note the systolic and diastolic pressures as you let air escape slowly.
As soon as pulse sounds stop, open the valve and release the air quickly.
Palpation of Blood Pressure Secure cuff. Locate radial pulse. Inflate to 200 mm Hg. Release air until pulse is felt. Method only obtains systolic
pressure.
Normal Ranges of Blood Pressure
Age Range
Adults 90 to 140 mm Hg (systolic)
Children (1 to 8 years) 80 to 110 mm Hg (systolic)
Infants (newborn to 1 year) 50 to 95(systolic)
Level of Consciousness
A – AlertV – Responsive to Verbal stimulusP – Responsive to PainU – Unresponsive
Abnormal Pupil Reactions Fixed with no reaction to light Dilate with light and constrict
without light React sluggishly Unequal in size Unequal with light or when light
is removed
Pupillary Reactions
Pupil Assessment P - Pupils E - Equal A - And R - Round R - Regular in size L - React to Light
Reassessment of Vital Signs Reassess stable patients every 15
minutes. Reassess unstable patients every 5
minutes.
HYPERTENSION
• Chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated
• Requires the heart to work
HYPERTENSION Roll up the patient’s loose sleeve. The patient should be sitting up if
possible, and the arm should be relaxed. Wrap the inflatable cuff around the arm, above the bend of the arm. Place the ear pieces of the stethoscope in your ears. Place the round side of the stethoscope underneath the cuff. It should
be placed over the spot where you can feel the brachial artery pulse. Ensure that the air valve on the bulb is closed tight. Inflate the cuff to about 180 mm Hg. Stop inflating and let the cuff begin deflation. You will need to turn
the air valve to let the air make its way out of the cuff. Listen for a sound as the pressure drops. The first sound you hear will
be the measurement for the systolic blood pressure (when the artery is opening). Make a note of this measurement either by writing it down or committing it to memory.
Note where the measurement on the sphygmomanometer is when the last sound you hear takes place. This will be the diastolic blood pressure measurement.
HYPERTENSION
• Headache• Lightheadedness• Vertigo• Tinnitus • Altered vision• Fainting episodes
HYPERTENSION• Let the patient
rest• Give emergency
medications• Monitor patient
CHEST PAIN• HEART
• is a muscular organ found directly under the breastbone
• Weighs between 6 and 11 ounces
• Pumps about 2,000 gallons worth of blood through your body everyday
CHEST PAIN• HEART
• Using rhythmic contractions, it circulates blood through veins and arteries which supplies tissues with oxygenated blood
• Activated by its own electrical system
• Requires oxygen to work properly
CHEST PAIN• HEART ATTACK
• Blood supply to the heart or part of the heart is cut off partially or completely decreasing the amount of oxygen delivered to the heart muscle….this leads to the death of the heart muscle
CHEST PAIN• Risk Factors
• Age• Sex• DM• High BP• Dyslipedemia/
hypercholesterolemia• Tobacco smoking
including 2nd hand smokers
CHEST PAIN• Risk Factors
• Short term exposures to air pollution such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide
• Family history of ischemic heart disease
• Obesity• Lack of physical activity
OBESITY
BMI= kg of bw/(ht in meter)² = lbs / (ht in inches) * 703
OBESITY
BMI Classification
< 18.5 underweight
18.5–24.9 normal weight
25.0–29.9 overweight
30.0–34.9 class I obesity
35.0–39.9 class II obesity
≥ 40.0 class III obesit
CHEST PAIN• Risk Factors
• Psychosocial Factors• Alcohol• Use of OCP• Hyperhomocystenemi
a
CHEST PAIN• Signs and Symptoms Chest pain or discomfort Upper body discomfort in
one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or upper part of the stomach
Shortness of breath Nausea Vomiting Light-headedness Breaking out in a cold
sweat
• What to do• Have the person sit down,
rest, and try to keep calm• Loosen any tight clothing• Help the person take his
medication (if there’s any)
• If the person is unconscious and unresponsive your local emergency number, then begin CPR
CHEST PAIN
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES
• broad term that is used to describe discomfort when breathing, and the feeling that you cannot draw a breath
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES a faster breathing rate wheezing blue fingernails and/or
mouth pale or gray complexion head sweat flaring nostrils Chest pain Cough
RESPIRATORY RATENewborn and infant
Up to 6 month old
30-60 breaths/ min
Infants6 to 12 months old
24-30 breaths/min
Toddlers and children
1 to 5 years old20-30 breaths/min
Children 6 to 12 years12-20 breaths/min
Adult >12 12-20 breaths/ min
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES Chest moving in an
unusual way as the person breathes
Confusion Lightheadedness Weakness Sleepiness Fever Gurgling
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES Check A-B-C Loosen any tight clothing Help use prescribed
medication Continue monitoring
patient DO NOT assume that the
person's condition is improving if you can no longer hear wheezing
If there are open wounds in the neck or chest, they must be closed immediately
HYPERVENTILATION SYNDROME
known as excessive breathing, causes a reduction of carbon dioxide concentration (below normal) of the blood
HYPERVENTILATION SYNDROME
Tense feeling Dizziness Fast or deep breathing Tingling in fingers and
hands Stiffness or cramps in
fingers and hands Tightness around the mouth Cold hands or feet Palpitations in the chest Anxiety
HYPERVENTILATION SYNDROME
Keep the patient calm
Move patient in a quiet room
7-11 breathing
FEVER
any body temperature above the normal of 98.6 F (37 C)
in practice: temperature is above 100.4 F (38 C)
A fever is any body temperature elevation over 100 °F (37.8 °C)
FEVER
Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) is at or over 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)
Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.7 °C (99.9 °F)
Temperature under the arm (axillary) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)
FEVER
What to do? Tepid sponge bath Paracetamol Ibuprofen Increase water intake
ABDOMINAL PAIN• caused by:
• Inflammation• distention of an
organ• loss of the blood
supply to an organ• contraction of the
intestinal muscles• hyper-sensitivity to
normal intestinal activities
ABDOMINAL PAIN• Food poisoning• Cramps• Stomach flu• Gas• Indigestion• Constipation• Food allergies• Lactose intolerance
ABDOMINAL PAIN
• Let patient lie down and rest
• Give clear fluids• Eat smaller portion meal• Use heating pads• Keep container nearby
in case the person vomits
DIARRHEA
• Condition that leads to frequent, loose or watery stools
DIARRHEA• Prevent dehydration by drinking lots of clear
liquid• BRAT diet• DO NOT take anti-diarrheal medications• DO NOT give spicy, greasy or fatty food
DIARRHEA
• Prevent dehydration by drinking lots of clear liquid
• BRAT diet• DO NOT take anti-diarrheal medications• DO NOT give spicy, greasy or fatty food
VOMITING• forceful expulsion
of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose
VOMITING• Causes
• Food intolerance• Allergy• Hypertension• Increase
intracranial pressure
• other
VOMITING
Have the person drink small amounts of water, sports drinks, or clear liquids
Don't give the person solid food until vomiting has stopped
When the person can tolerate food, try small amounts of the BRAT diet: bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast
SHOCK• A state of collapse
and failure of the heart and blood vessels to deliver enough blood to the body tissues to meet their needs
SHOCK• Sweaty with cool
clammy skin• Pale• Weak and rapid
pulse• Marked thirst• Bluish discoloration
of the skin
SHOCK• Assist victims to lie down• Elevate feet higher than the
heart• Turn head to one side• Assess A-B-C
SEIZURE• A change in
behavior or consciousness that takes place when the electrical activity of the brain becomes irregular
SEIZURE
• Head injury• Infection of the
nervous system• Stroke, heat stroke• Poisoning, drug
overdose• Low blood sugar
SEIZURE• Provide a safe environment• DO NOT attempt to hold
down or restrain a convulsing victim
• Support victim’s head• Sponge bath if has fever• Loosen tight clothing• Roll the patient to side
after seizure episode
STROKE
Is the loss of brain function that results when part of the blood flow to the brain is suddenly cut off
This can be caused by a blood clot or by a ruptured blood in the brain
STROKE• Numbness, tingling,
paralysis on one side of the body
• Speech problems• Dizziness• Confusion• Nausea or vomiting• Decreased level of
sensorium
STROKE
• THINK F.A.S.T.!!!• Facial asymmetry• Arm weakness• Speech difficulties• Time is Critical
FAINTING• common sudden
illness characterized by a partial or complete loss of consciousness
• caused by a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain
FAINTING
• Shock-like signals:• Cool, pale or moist skin• Nausea• Numbness or tingling in
the finger and toes
FAINTING
• Lie down victim• Elevate legs• Loosen tight clothing• Check A-B-C
POISONING• Poison
• any substance ( solid, liquid or gas) that causes illness or death when introduced into the body or into the skin surface
POISONING• Abdominal pain or
cramps• Nausea• Vomiting• Diarrhea• Presence of oral burns,
odors or stains• Drowsiness or loss of
consciousness
POISONING
• WHO is the victim, Age and weight
• WHAT was swallowed• HOW MUCH was
swallowed• HOW did it happened• WHEN did it happened
POISONING• DO NOT induce vomiting• DO NOT give anything by
mouth• Save and bring poison
container• Bring the patient to the
nearest hospital• Contact a poison control
center NCR Poison Control Center
Emergency hotline numbers: 928-0611 loc 707
Direct line/Fax: 921-1212 Mobile: 0922-8106595
POISONING INHALED POISONS
Are gaseous substances that enter through inhalation and cause toxicity
POISONING
• Difficulty of breathing• Cyanosis• Dizziness• Headache• Seizure• Unresponsive
POISONING
• Remove patient from toxic environment• Keep airway open• Monitor A-B-C
POISONING
• Carbon Monoxide• No taste• No scent• No color
POISONING• Sleepy and
drowsy• Headache• Dizziness• Nausea and
Vomiting• Fatigue• Flu-like symptoms
POISONING• Poison may enter the body through the
skin
POISONING• Redness, rash,
and/or blisters on the skin
• Burns• Itching, skin
irritation• Presence of liquid
or powder in the skin
POISONING• Remove victims clothing• Blot the poison from the
skin using a dry piece of clothe. DO NOT rub
• If powder, brush it off• Wash with running water• Monitor victim
POISONING• poisons may also enter the body through a break
in the skin caused by a bite, sting or syringe
INSECT BITE
• Pain• Allergic reactions• Infections• Swelling• Serious Illness• Even Death
INSECT BITE• The stinger may be
present in the bite site
INSECT BITE• Remove the stinger
by gently scraping the skin surface with a knife
• DO NOT pinch the stinger to remove it
• Wash with water• Apply cold
compress
SPIDER /SCORPION
• Pain• Allergic reaction• Swelling• Infection• Venom
paralysis and death
SPIDER /SCORPION
• Bite mark• Swelling• Pain• Nausea and
vomiting• Difficulty in
breathing and swallowing
POISONING – SPIDER AND SCORPION STING
WHAT TO DO? Wash wound with soap and water Antiseptic may be used Apply cold compress Bring victim to nearest hospital
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
MARINE ANIMALS Most marine
animals will not deliberately attack unless you disturb them
Painful Rarely fatal Allergic reations
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Site of contact on
the skin has a rash with pinpoint bleeding
Burning pain Swelling
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Nausea and
vomiting Muscle cramping Diarrhea and
muscle paralysis Allergic reaction
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
WHAT TO DO? Jellyfish sting:
irrigate/soak the affected area with vinegar for at least 10 minutes
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
WHAT TO DO? Jellyfish sting: If you do
not have vinegar available, rinse in sea water,70% isopropyl alcohol, or Safe Sea Jellyfish After Sting®
DO NOT use fresh water DO NOT rub the area
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
WHAT TO DO? Jellyfish sting:
Remove tentacles with a stick or a pair of tweezers
Apply shaving cream or a paste of baking soda to the area
Shave the area with a razor or credit card
reapply vinegar or alcohol
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
WHAT TO DO? Jellyfish sting:
Eye stings: rinse with a commercial saline solution like Artifical Tears
dab the skin around the eyes with a towel that has been soaked in vinegar
Do not place vinegar directly in the eyes
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
WHAT TO DO? Jellyfish sting:
Mouth stings- treat with 1/4 strength vinegar.
Mix ¼ cup of vinegar with ¾ cup of water. Gargle and spit out the solution.
DO NOT drink or swallow the solution.
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
WHAT TO DO? Jellyfish sting:
May give over the counter pain reliever
Monitor victim’s condition Bring patient in nearest hospital
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
WHAT TO DO? Stingray sting:
Immerse irrigate the affected area with hot water (as hot as can be tolerated) for at least 20 min or for as long as pain persists
POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING
WHAT TO DO? Stingray sting:
Wash the wound with soap and water
Cover the wound Immediately bring the victim to the nearest Hospital/poison control center
POISONING – SNAKE BITE
REMEMBER!!! Identifying the type/species of snake can
greatly help the hospital medical personnel choose the appropriate treatment to give
POISONING – SNAKE BITE
COMPARISON VENOMOUS SNAKEe.g. cobra
NON-VENOMOUS SNAKE
e.g. python
MOVEMENT Cortina ,side-winding
Semi-cortina, curving
SHAPE OF HEAD
Semi- triangular Oblong
BODY GIRTH Rectangular Circular
SKIN Rough Smooth
PUPIL Vertical, slit-like Round
MANNER OF ATTACK
Non-constrictor Constrictor
BITE MARK Fang Marks: 2 punctures
U-shaped row of marks
POISONING – SNAKE BITE
WHAT TO DO? Clean the area of the bite with soap
and water Have the victim lying down quietly and
comfortably Immediately bring the victim to the
nearest hospital/ animal bite center
POISONING – SNAKE BITE
WHAT TO DO? DO NOT suck the wound
to remove the venom DO NOT apply tourniquet DO NOT apply a cold
compress DO NOT incise the bitten
area
POISONING – SNAKE BITE WHAT TO DO?
Apply pressure immobilization bandage
40 and 70 mm Hg : UE 55 and 70 mm Hg: LE Pressure is sufficient if
the bandage is comfortably tight and snug but allows a finger to be slipped under it
POISONING – LAND ANIMAL BITE
LAND ANIMAL BITE Can result to:
Damaged tissue Infection Tetanus rabies
POISONING – LAND ANIMAL BITE
WHAT TO DO? Wash the area of the
bite with soap and water for 30 minutes
Avoid scrubbing, which can bruise the tissue
Control the bleeding Cover the wound with
sterile or clean dressing
POISONING – LAND ANIMAL BITE
WHAT TO DO? Immediately bring the
victim to the nearest hospital/animal bite center
POISONING – TOXIC EYE INJURY
Rinse eyes exposed to toxic substances immediately with a copious amount of water unless a specific antidote is available
POISONING – ALCOHOL INTOXICATION
ALCOHOL INTOXICATION A state by which alcohol
levels ingested exceed that of a persons tolerance
This produces physiological changes that manifest as mental and physical impairements
POISONING – ALCOHOL INTOXICATION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Odor of alcohol on the victim’s breath or clothing
Unsteady, staggering walking
Slurred speech, unable to carry conversation
Nausea and vomiting Flushed face seizure
POISONING – ALCOHOL INTOXICATION
WHAT TO DO FOR A RESPONSIVE PERSON Provide emotional support Look for any injuries Protect person from hurting himself If the person becomes violent, leave, call
the police Call for emergency medical assistance
POISONING – ALCOHOL INTOXICATION
WHAT TO DO FOR AN UNRESPONSIVE PERSON? Call for emergency medical assistance
immediately Make sure airway is clear and that person in
breathing DO NOT give anything by mouth Place person in side – lying position Assume there is spinal injury if there are signs
of injury Regulate the person’s body heat Bring the person to the nearest hospital
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
HEAT EXPOSURE
Heat crampsHeat exhaustionHeat stroke
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
HEAT CRAMPS Are painful tightening of the muscles
that occur after prolonged use, as in vigorous exercise
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT CRAMPS? Move the patient away from
the potential source of heat Have them rest Drink plenty of water Stretch the tightened muscle Loosen tight clothing
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
HEAT EXHAUSTION The most common
serious emergency caused by heat
Causes: Heat exposure Stress Fatigue
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
HEAT EXHAUSTION Signs and
symptoms Excessive sweating Pale, moist, cool skin Dry tongue and thirst Dizziness or faintness Irritability Confusion
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
HEAT EXHAUSTION Signs and
symptoms Weakness Nausea Vomiting Headache Rapid pulse Normal or slightly
elevated body temperature
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT EXHAUSTION The most important step is to COOL the
victim remove any excessive layers of clothing,
especially around head and neck move the victim to a cooler
environment lay the victim down flat and elevate his
legs
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT EXHAUSTION Fan the victim or place
cool wet cloths on his skin
Give victim water to drink
DO NOT give alcoholic, caffeinated or carbonated drinks
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
HEAT STOKE Happens when the
body is exposed to more heat than it can handle
Temperature may reach 41ᵒC
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
HEAT STOKE Signs and symptoms
Striking change in the victims behavior
Loss of consciousness Flushed, hot and dry
skin Pulse and breathing
are rapid and weak
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT STOKE Call for emergency medical assistance
ASAP Move the victim to coolest possible
place Remove as much of the victims clothing
as possible Place the victim in comfortable position
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES
WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT STOKE Apply cool packs to the victim’s neck,
groin and armpits Cover the victim with cold wet towel or
sheets or spray the victim with cool water
Bring the victim to the hospital as fast as possible
COLD RELATED EMERGENCIES
HYPOTHERMIA Happens when the
core temperature of the body falls below 35ᵒC
COLD RELATED EMERGENCIES
WHAT TO DO WITH HYPOTHERMIA Remove the victim from the cold
environment If the feet are injured, DO NOT allow the victim
to walk Remove any wet clothing from the victim Place dry blankets over and under the victim DO NOT massage the victims limbs
COLD RELATED EMERGENCIES
WHAT TO DO WITH HYPOTHERMIA Handle the victim gently to avoid causing pain
or further injury to the skin DO NOT allow the victim to eat or take
coffee, tea, cola, or tobacco Give warm fluids for conscious victim Bring patient to nearest hospital
DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
HYPERGLYCEMIA Level of glucose is above
normal Caused by:
overeating without taking medications for diabetes regularly
DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
HYPERGLYCEMIA Signs and symptoms
warm and dry skin intense thirst Vomiting rapid deep breathing sweet fruity odor of breath Normal, Rapid and full pulse restless heading to coma
DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
HYPOGLYCEMIA Level of glucose is below
normal Caused by:
missing meals being overly active
physically taking too much
diabetes medication
DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
HYPOGLYCEMIA Signs and symptoms
pale and moist skin intense hunger normal rapid breathing rapid weak pulse irritable, confused with
seizure or coma
DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
WHAT TO DO Call for emergency medical assistance ASAP For conscious victim with hypoglycemia, give
candy or juice drinks If victim is unconscious, assess CAB’s and
manage accordingly Bring the victim to the hospital ASAP
ALLERGIC REACTIONS
ALLERGY Is an over reaction of the body’s protective
mechanisms to unwanted substances
ALLERGIC REACTIONS
TRIGGERING FACTORS Insect bites and stings Medications Plants Food chemicals
ALLERGIC REACTIONS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Sneezing or an itchy runny
nose Flushing with itching, tingling
or burning sensation in the skin
Skin hives Tightness of the chest or
throat hoarseness
ALLERGIC REACTIONS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Wheezing Respiration becomes rapid,
labored and noisy Increased pulse rate Pale skin and dizziness Loss of consciousness
ALLERGIC REACTIONS WHAT TO DO
Remove the potential source of allergen Call for emergency medical assistance Assist the person in taking his anti-allergy
medications Have the patient rest until medical help
arrives Assess the patient CABs and treat
correspondingly
ALLERGIC REACTIONS WHAT TO DO
Use anaphylaxis kit The kit contains a dose
of epinephrine (0.3mg / 0.15mg) that can be injected into the body to counteract the anaphylactic reaction
NOSEBLEED / EPISTAXIS
CAUSES Nose picking Traumatic injury High blood pressure Infections Vitamin deficiency Use of medications
NOSEBLEED / EPISTAXIS WHAT TO DO
Calm the patient Patient should sit with
the upper part of the body tilted forward and the mouth open
Pinch the soft parts of the nose together between the thumb and index finger
NOSEBLEED / EPISTAXIS
WHAT TO DO Hold the nose pinched
for at least 8 to 10 minutes
Apply ice to the base of the nose
Seek medical help
FOREIGN BODY IN THE NOSE
A foreign body inside a child’s nose can be present for a period of time without the parent being aware of the problem.
Potential to dislodge and travel
FOREIGN BODY IN THE NOSE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Difficulty in breathing Feeling of something inside
the nose Fouls smelling or bloody nasal
discharge Irritation or pain in the nose
FOREIGN BODY IN THE NOSE
WHAT TO DO Have the victim blow
out of the nose gently to try to free the object
If visible, try to grasp it with tweezer
FOREIGN BODY IN THE NOSE
WHAT TO DO DO NOT probe the nose
with cotton swab DO NOT try to inhale
the object DO NOT try to remove
an object that is not visible
FOREIGN BODY IN THE EAR WHAT TO DO
May remove object if visible using a tweezer
Tilt head to the side If insect, put few
drops of baby oil or mineral oil
If button battery, urgent removal is required
HALAMANG GAMOT
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
LAGUNDI (Scientific name: Vitex negundo) – Gamot sa ubo, sipon, lagnat, at hika
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH) YERBA BUENA (Scientific
name: Clinopodium douglasii)· - Gamot sa pananakit ng katawan, ubo, sipon, hilo, at pangangati
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
SAMBONG (Scientific name: Blumea balsamifera) – Gamot sa high blood (hypertension) bilang isang pampaihi o diuretic; nakakalusaw ng mga bato sa bato.
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
TSAANG GUBAT (Scientific name: Carmona retusa) – Gamot sa sakit ng tiyan o pagtatae (gastroenteritis) at pangmumog para maiwasan ang mga cavites o pamumulok ng ngipin.
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
NIYOG-NIYOGAN (Scientific name: Quiscalis indica) – Gamot sa bulate sa tiyan
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
AKAPULKO (Scientific name:· Cassia alata) – Panlaban sa mga fungal infection sa balat gaya ng an-an, buni, alipunga.
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
ULASIMANG-BATO (Scientific name: Peperonia pellucida) – Ginhawa sa rayuma o arthritis at gout
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
BAWANG (Scientific name: Alium sativum) – Pampababa ng kolesterol (cholesterol-lowering agent)
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
AMPALAYA (Scientific name: Momordica charantia) – Pampababa ng asukal sa dugo sa mga may diabetes (Lowers blood sugar levels)
HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)
BAYABAS (Scientific name: Psidium guajava) – Gamot sa pagtatae (antidiarrheal) at panghugas ng katawan na nakakaalis ng mikrobyo (antiseptic)