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Dr. Mahziba RahmanMCPS, FCPS
Eye Specialist & Surgeon
Bangladesh Eye Hospital Ltd.
3rd cranial nerveOculomotor nerveEntirely motor in functionSupplies –• All the Extraocular muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus• Levator palpebrae superioris• Intra ocular muscles- Sphincter pupillae and cilliary
muscle
NucleusLocated in midbrain at the level of superior
colliculus, ventral to the Sylvian aquiduct.
Composed of• Unpaired levator subnucleus• Paired superior rectus sub nuclei• Paired medial rectus, inferior rectus and
inferior oblique subnuclei• Unpaired Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Course
Can be divided into – Fascicular Basilar Intracavernous Intraorbital part
Course
Course
Intracavernous portion of 3rd nerve
Intraorbital portion of 3rd nerve
Major causes of nuclear complex lesion of 3rd nerve palsy
Vascular occlusion – Diabetes & Hypertension
Neoplastic lesions – primary tumour or metastasis
Haemorrhage
Major causes of fascicular lesion of 3rd nerve palsy
Vascular occlusion – Diabetes & Hypertension
Neoplastic lesions – primary tumour or metastasis
Haemorrhage
Demyelination
Syndromes of Fascicular lesion
Benedikt syndrome- Ipsilateral 3rd nerve palsy and contralateral extrapyramidal signs
Weber syndrome- Ipsilateral 3rd nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis
Nothnagel syndrome- Ipsilateral 3rd nerve palsy and cerebellar ataxia
Claude syndrome-
Major causes of lesion in Basilar region
The 3rd nerve traverses the basilar part unaccompanied by any other cranial nerves.
Isolated 3rd nerve palsies are commonly basilar.
The important causes areAneurysmHead trauma-Extradural or subdural
haematoma
continued
continued
Major causes of Intracavernous lesion
Usually associated with involvement of 4th, 6th nerves & first division of 5th nerve.
Diabetes – causes pupil sparing 3rd nerve palsyPituitary apoplexyOthers – Aneurysm, Meningeoma, Carotid-
cavernous fistula.
Intraorbital causes of 3rd nerve palsy
Trauma
Vascular
Neoplasm
Inflammation
Pupillomotor fibersParasympathetic fibers
Located superficially between the brainstem and the cavernous sinus
Blood supply derived from the pial blood vessels
Main trunk of 3rd nerve supplied by the vasa nervorum
Continued
Type of lesion affecting
Pupillomotor fibers :Surgical
Main trunk : Medical
Causes of isolated 3rd nerve palsy Idiopathic – about 25%
Vascular – Hypertension & Diabetes (commonly pupil sparing)
Aneurysm – posterior communicating artery at its junction with internal carotid artery
Trauma – subdural haematoma with uncal herniation
Miscellaneous
Clinical features of total 3rd nerve palsy
SYMPTOMS
Drooping of eyelid
Binocular double vision
Pain (may be present)
SIGNS
PtosisAbduction of globeIntortion of the globe which increases on
attempted down gazeLimitation of adductionLimitation of elevationLimitation of depressionDilated pupil with defective accommodation
History of PatientOnset
Duration
Diplopia
Trauma
Associated systemic disorders
ExaminationPupillary reactions
Motility restrictions
Ptosis
Other cranial nerves
Investigations
Age < 50 years CT or MRI, Cerebral angiography
Age > 50 years
Pupil sparing FBS and 2HABF, HbA1c, Lipid profile, Check BP, CBC with ESR, CRP
Pupil involving FBS and 2HABF, HbA1c, Lipid profile, Check BP, CBC with ESR, CRP, CT or MRI, Cerebral angiography
InvestigationsHess Chart
Treatment
Non-surgical
Treatment of underlying cause
Diplopia – Occlusion patch or prism in involved eye
Monitor children for development of amblyopia
Treatment
Surgical
Neurosurgery – Aneurysm or haematoma
Strabismus or ptosis surgery – Not earlier than 6 months from time of onset
Follow-up
Pupil sparing – Observe daily for 5 days for pupil involvement
Recheck every 4 to 6 weeks
If secondary to ischemia function usually returns within 3 months
Differential Diagnosis
Myasthenia gravis
Thyroid associated orbitopathy
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease
Thank you