TASS vs Endophthalmitis

Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome

VS Endophthalmitis

Nawat Watanachai

Chiangmai UniversityAPGC & RCOPT 2016

• why these 2 are so important?

• why we need to know what are the differences?

Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome

VS Endophthalmitis

an ordinary day of an eye surgeon

and on the next day

and this is what you feel, as always

but it may not always be like that

THIS may be what you see on the next day(s)

THIS may be what you feel on the next day(s)

what really happens?• major questions

• what is it : infection or not?

• why this happens?

what really happens?• DDX :

• endophthalmitis

• TASS

• lens-induced uveitis

• masquerade syndrome (eg lymphoma)

• VH

TASS or Endophthalmitis• can appear almost/ exactly the same

• but treatment are NOT the same

• so do the prognosis

• needs early diagnosis/ treatment

• distinguishing between the 2 conditions is an important factor.

Endophthalmitis• incidence after cataract Sx 0.08-0.3% (1/1,250 -1/300)

• Aaberg Jr TM et al, Ophthalmology 1998

• Taban M et al, Arch Ophthalmol 2005

• risks : • blepharitis• temporal sutureless CCI, poor wound construction• topical anes.• Cooper BA, Am J Ophthalmol 2003

• Nagaki Y et al, J Cataract Refract Surg 2003.

• Germs• 94% of cultured confirmed cases = Gram Positive• 70% = coagulase-negative Staph• Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group

Endophthalmitis : Classic

symptoms• pain, blurred, floaters, light

sensitive

• usually start on 4th-7th day after Sx

• some can start on 1st-2nd day after Sx

• note : 25% do not report pain on early days

Endophthalmitis :

Classic signs• lid swelling

• conj injection/ chemosis

• purulent/ watery discharge

• corneal edema

• AC cell/ hypopyon

• vit cell, retina inflam./ vasculitis

Endophthalmitis prevention

• treat pre-existing blepharitis

• peri-/ intra-operative antibiotics

• eyelid & eye preparation with 5% povidone iodine

• careful wound construction/ closing

• discharge instructions on wound care, signs and symptoms to report, contact information

endophthalmitis treatment

• identify causative organism

• stain/ culture aqueous and vitreous

• intravitreal and topical ABO

• vitrectomy

TASS : Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome

• non-infectious acute post op. AS inflam.

• cause : non-infectious substance(s) enters the AS

• result : toxic damage to intra-ocular tissue

• mostly corneal endothelium

• no racial/ age/ sex predilection


• names• TASS• Sterile postoperative

endophthalmitis

• toxic endothelial cell destruction syndrome (TECDS)


• TASS’ problems

• mimic endophthalmitis

• scary outbreaks

• 2005-6 North America

• 2014-5 Thailand

TASS : classic symptoms• blurred vision

• mild ocular pain

• redness

• onset 12-24 hrs after surgery

• note : endophthalmitis onset 4-7d after Sx 1

1. Mamalis N, J Cataract Refract Surg 2006.

TASS : classic signs• early postop inflammation, limited to AS

• typically quite severe

• +/- hypopyon formation

• +/- fibrin in AC/ iris surface/ IOL

• IOP : low-normal

• diffuse limbus-to-limbus corneal edema

• (widespread endothelial damage)

• no/ few reaction in anterior vitreous

• gram stain and culture negative

TASS vs EndophthalmitisTASS ENDOPHTHALMITIS

timing the day after Sx, 12-48 hrs

usually >2d after Sxcommonly 4-7 days

pain none-mild-moderate(unless v. high IOP)

more(25% no pain)

discharge watery purulent

conj and lid reaction less more

corneal edema limbus-to-limbus edema localized/ segmental

David B et al. Advanced Ocular Care 2011 Mamalis N. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006 David C et al. Eyeworld 2014

TASS vs EndophthalmitisTASS ENDOPHTHALMITIS

AC fibrin, occasional hypopyon hypopyon

iris +/-fixed dilated, often c

spotty or diffuse areas of atrophy

SRTL

IOP normal, high is more suggestive low-normal

vitreous clear vitritis, VH

David B et al. Advanced Ocular Care 2011 Mamalis N. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006 David C et al. Eyeworld 2014

TASS Treatment 1. rule out endophthalmitis first

2. suppress inflammation- intense steroid eg. 1% Pred q 1 hr- NSAIDS

- Nepafenac (Nevanac)- Diclofenac (Voltaren)- Ketorolac (Acular)

- close FU- reconsider infection- degree of inflammation- corneal status- IOP

TASS progression• mild cases

• improve in few days

• no residual damage

• moderate cases

• prolonged clearing (3-6 wks)

• possible corneal edema/ damage

• severe cases?

TASS progression• severe cases

• PBK, corneal scar

• permanent iris damage

• dilated pupil

• irregular pupil that react poorly

• potential TM damage —> OHT, glaucoma

• PCO/ capsule fibrosis —> decenterd IOL

• PVD/ VH/ RB/ RD

• if it is NOT JUST ONLY ONE CASE?

TASS : Potential Causes

• 1. issues with cleaning and sterilization

• 2. intraocular medication/ solution

• 3. drops and ointments

• Cutler Peck CM et al. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010

• Mamalis N et al. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010

• David C et al. Eyeworld 2014

TASS : Potential Causes and prevention


• retained blood/ lens fragment/ tissue

• enzymes/ detergents/ preservatives

• endotoxin contamination






• even small amount of tissue/ blood may cause serious inflammation

• cause : inadequate cleaning of tubalar instruments

• residual lens materials/ OVD in phaco/ I&A handpiece (1)• enzymes/ detergents/ preservatives



• 3. drops and ointments Kim JH. J Catarct Refract Surg. 1987




• even small amount of tissue/ blood may cause serious inflammation

• inadequate : residual lens materials/ OVD in phaco/ I&A handpiece

• keep reusable instruments at minimum esp tube/ cannula instruments

• adequate flushing/ cleaning instruments in between cases with sterile de-ionized or distilled water

• not allow instruments to dried before cleaning• enzymes/ detergents/ preservatives







• enzymes/ detergents/ preservatives (1-2)• denature at >140’C, but some autoclaves reach only 120-130’C• should NOT use enzymes or detergents if possible

• flush with water, eg. 120cc for I/A tip

• educate cleaning team (esp in multi-subspecialty surgical centers)



• 3. drops and ointments1. Parikh C. Arch Ophthalmol 20022. Breebaart AC. Arch Ophthalmol

1990


• 1. issues with cleaning and sterilization• retained blood/ lens fragment/ tissue

• enzymes/ detergents/ preservatives


• from any water bath, U/S, autoclave

• host GNB —> heat stable lipopolysaccharide endotoxin• clean them throughly if possible esp water bath/ U/S bath after each use• alcohol rinse, then clean with water






• BSS

• 2005 USA : 112 cases - specific brand of BSS

• endotoxin contamination (1-2)

• 2002 USA : 10 cases - specific IOL model

• polishing compound

• preservatives eg BAK in OVD (3)

• stabilizing agents eg bisulphites or metabisulphites in epinephrine (4, 5)

• 3. drops and ointments 1. Parikh CH, Curr Opin Ophthalmo 20032. Kim JH, J Cataract Refract Surg 19873. Eleftheriadis H, Br J Ophthalmol 20024. Edelhauser HF,Am J Opht 19825. Guzey M, Ophthalmologica 2002

TASS : Potential Causes and

prevention• 1. issues with cleaning and sterilization

• 2. intraocular medication/ solution• anesthetic/ dilating agents

• lidocaine 2% (even methylparaben free) (1) - 1% is safer• bupivacaine 0.5%

• ABO : intracameral/ BSS• in BSS : dosage error esp Gentamycin (2), also macular toxicity• in AC : cefuroxime 1 mg/0.1 ml (3), cefotaxime• not correct pH and/or osmolality

• pH 6.5-8.5 (4)• osmolality 200-400 mOsm (5)


1. Guzey M, Ophthalmologica 2002.2. Campochiaro PA, Arch Ophthalmol 1991.3. Barry P. J Cataract Refract Surg 20064. Parikh CH. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2003.5. Edelhauser HF. Am J Ophthalmol 1976.


prevention• 1. issues with cleaning and sterilization• 2. intraocular medication/ solution

• anesthetic/ABO : dosage error, not correct pH and/or osmolality

• needs proper concentration/ volume• intracameral lidocaine• antibiotics

• needs preservative-free things• epinephrine in BSS (stabilized by bisulphate, bisulphate—> toxic)



prevention• 1. issues with cleaning and sterilization



• insecure wound

• inappropriate wound closing

• suture, if needed

• air bubble in ACWerner I, J Cataract Refract Surg 2006

TASS : in conclusion• consider if it is TASS or Endophthalmitis

• treatment : steroid/ NSAIDs

• potential causes : things enter AC and cause corneal endothelium damage




references• Mamalis N, et al. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006

• Cutler Peck CM, et al. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010

• Mamalis N, et al. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010

• David C, et al. Eyeworld 2014

• Gopal L, et al. Br J Ophthalmol 2013

• Jun EJ, et al. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010

Health & Medicine

TASS vs Endophthalmitis