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Rachmat Gunadi Wachjudi
Lahir di Garut, 16-1-1955Pendidikan SD-SMA : Garut Dokter umum: FK UNSRI Palembang Internist: FK UNPAD Bandung Konsultan Reumatologi : FK UI
Jakarta Clinical Rheumatology &
Osteoporosis training Arthritis foundation of WA
Pekerjaan: Staf Reumatologi RS Dr Hasan
SadikinOrganisasi Profesi IDI, IRA, PAPDI, PEROSI,
PERALMUNI, IPS, ISS
The Role of Corticosteroid in Rheumatic Diseases
Rationale&Therapeutic principles
INTRODUCTION
Corticosteroid use is one of the most important and controversial subjects in rheumatology.
The dramatic anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids were first described in the setting of treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This unexpected discovery by Philip Hench resulted in Nobel price in 1950.
Long-term supraphysiologic therapy produced devastating side effects led to polarized views of the role of corticosteroids in the pathogenesis & therapy of rheumatic diseases.
Hench PS etal. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 24:181, 1949Hench PS etal. Arch Intern Med 85:545,1950
Steroids the Sleaziest of Drugs
Steroids are fast catching up with
antibiotics as the most abused class of drugs in doctor's black bag.
High doses of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents cause AIDS
Mohammed Ali Al-Bayati Ph.D
Corticosteroid Physiology Essential for normal development &
maintenances of homeostasis during both basal and stress conditions.
Represent one of the most important products of the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal (HPA) axis & the central response system.
Regulate a broad array of metabolic and central nervous system (CNS) functions
Potent anti-inflammatory actions.
Cortisol Secretion
Anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids
Corticosteroid inhibitory effect
Role in Rheumatic diseasesMost of the desired clinical effects of GC
treatment in rheumatic patients are mediated by transrepression.
These include:1. Reduction of clinical signs & symptoms of
inflammation by reducing synthesis of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 and pro inflammatory cytokines, such as IL1 & TNF – alpha.
2. Retardation of the radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis
Major Rheumatic Diseases
Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid
Arthritis Systemic Lupus
erythematosus Systemic Sclerosis Spondyloarthropat
hies
Poly-Dermatomyositis
Crystal - Induced Arthritis
Septic Arthritis Vasculitis
Joint Swelling inflammation
What happens in inflammation? Associated with the production of cytokines (TNF & IL1,
IL6) stimulate HPA axis and corticosteroid production feedback suppression of cytokine production & the inflammatory response.
Inadequate corticosteroid production amplify
inflammatory mechanisms & concomitant tissue injury.
Defects in this bidirectional feedback loop between CNS & peripheral inflammatory pathways and/or tissue resistance to the actions of corticosteroids are suspected to contribute to several rheumatic disorders including RA.
Wilder RL. Annu Rev Immunol, 13:307,1995
Chrousos GP. N Engl J Med 332:1351,1995
Glucocorticoid Use in Daily Practice
. GC dosages in different clinical conditions is essentially empirical
. High activity & severity need higher doses
. The rationale is:a/ Higher doses increase cGCR saturation in a dose
dependant manner which intensifies the therapeutically relevant, genomic actions.
b/ Non genomic action of GCs increasingly come into play with increasing dosage
Standardized nomenclature for glucocorticoid doses and glucocorticoid treatment regimens.
Terminology
Dosage Clinical application
Genomic actions (receptor saturation
Nongenomic actions
Low dose <=7.5 Maintenance therapy for many rheumatic diseases
+(<50%) ?
Medium dose >7.5 to <=30 Initially given in primary chronic rheumatic diseases
++ (>50% to <100%)
(+)
High dose >30 to <= 100 Initially given in subacute rheumatic diseases
++(+)(almost 100%)
+
Very high dose >100 Initially given in acute and/or potentially life-threatening exacerbations of rheumatic diseases
+++([almost] 100%) ++
++
Pulse therapy >=250 for one or a few days
+++(100%) +++
Short Acting Preparations (t1/2 < 12 h)
Drug Anti-inflam. Salt retaining Preapartions & dose
Cortisol 1 1.0 5 mg tablet 100 mg/vial (i.m., i.v) Topical; enema
Cortisone 0.8 0.8 5 mg tablet 25 mg/vial (i.m)
Intermediate Acting Preparations (t1/2 = 12 -36 h)
Prednisone 4 0.8 -
Prednisolone 5 0.3 5, 10 mg tablet 20 mg/vial (i.m, intrarti)
Methylprednisolone
5 0 0.5, 1.0 gm inj. for i.m. or slow i.v.
Triamcinolone 5 0 4 mg Tab., 10, 40 mg/ml for i.m. & intrarticular inj.
Therapeutic principles
Dose selection empiric; Needs frequent evaluation Single dose: No harm Few days therapy unlikely to be harmful Incidence of side effects related to duration of
therapy Use is only palliative (except replacement therapy) Inter-current illness: Dose is doubled Abrupt cessation of prolonged high dose leads to
adrenal insufficiency (contraindicated)
Steroids in RA
. Attractive options for many patients with new-onset inflammatory arthritis since they are rapid acting and may be used intra articularly or systemically & since the dose may be titrated to achieve meaningful control while evaluation continues.
. Dramatically effective when used acutely but may be hazardous when used chronically. For these reasons, steroids should be avoided, weaned or used at the lowest possible dose after their introduction.
. Adverse events are numerous. The long term use of these drugs, even at low doses, may be associated with significant reversible & irreversible toxicities.
. The frequency of toxicity is proportional to the dose & duration of therapy.
Corticosteroids therapy is most effective and appropriate in three scenarios of early inflammatory arthritis.
1/ New onset early (<12 weeks) undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis in which oral, IM or IA steroids can be given in very early patients with the hope of inducing remission.
2/ New – onset RA for which prednisolone can be used as symptomatic therapy (usually in doses of 5-20 mg/day) in the first few weeks while the workup & symptoms evolve.
3/ Early – aggressive RA for which prednisone can be used as adjuvant therapy (usually part of DMARD combination regimen) where in high – dose prednisone (60 mg/day) acutely is followed chronically by 5-10mg daily
Acute Gout
Intraarticular Corticosteroids
Indicated in:1/ Patients with new onset inflammatory
monoarthritis2/ Acute focal flares of one or few joints3/ Patients disabled by synovitis in one joint despite
effective systemic therapyShould be avoided in:1/ Neuropathic joints2/ Infected joint or overlying cellulitisMost effective initially and less effective with
repeated injections.
Preparation
Methyl Prednisolone Triamcinolone: 40 mg/ml or 10 mg / ml
Knee joint
AnteriolateralInferiopatellarApproach
TibialPlateau
PatellarTendon
PatellaLateral SuprapatellarBursa
Joint Swelling - Synovial EffusionArthrocentesis and Injection therapy
Subacromial bursa
De Quervain’s tenosynovitis
Trigger finger
Plantar fasciitis
Pulse Corticosteroid Therapy
. Indicated in severe Lupus
. 3 daily IV infusions of 1000 mg methyl prednisolone
. Reserved for life threatening complications as nephritis, vasculitis, severe cytopenias, pericardial tamponade.
. Concomitant Cyclophosphamide
Lupus nephritis (WHO III)
Vasculitis
Adverse reactions (1/2)
Metabolic toxicity: Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome Hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, diabetes Myopathy (negative nitrogen balance) Osteoporosis (vertebral compression fracture) Retardation of growth (children) Hypertension, oedema,CCF Avascular necrosis of femurThe frequency of steroid toxicity is proportional to the dose
and duration of therapy
Avascular bone-necrosis
Adverse reactions (2/2)
• HPA axis suppression• Behavioral toxicity: Euphoria, psychomotor
reactions, suicidal tendency • Ocular toxicity: steroid induced glaucoma,
posterior subcapsular cataract.
• Others:– Superinfections– Delayed wound healing– Steroid arthropathy– Peptic ulcer– Live vaccines are dangerous
Contraindications
Infections Hypertension with CCF Psychosis Peptic ulcer Diabetes mellitus Osteoporosis Glaucoma Pregnancy : (prednisolone preferred)
Precautions during therapy
Following examinations of the patient to be done before, during and after steroid therapy
Body weightX-ray of spineBlood glucoseExamination of the eyeB.P.
Information >>> Judgement
New Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands
1/ Time-release tablets:Already availabe in USA. Taken by night to optimize suppression of proinflammatory cytokines.
2/ Liposomes:small molecules 100nm in size, used as carrier system for GC.Reported in mice to accumulate selectively at site of inflammation.
Metselaar JM etal. A&R 2003,48:2059
3/ Glycyr-rhetinic acid:Inhibits 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase thus increases level & action of endogenous GC.
4/ Nitrosteroids:Aromatic molecules which links a conventional GC drug with nitric oxide (NO). enhance anti-inflammatory effect & induces less osteoporosis than CG in animal models.
Paul – Clark MJ. Prox Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:1677
5/ Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SERGAs): Transrepression >> Transactivation
Schackett etal. Proc Natt Acad Sci USA, 2004, 101:227
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