Relationship between selected anthropometric parameters of the lower limbs with vertical jump performances among recreational basketball players in Lagos

01/05/2023 1Ayodele Ayobami Emmanuel

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE LOWER LIMBS AND VERTICAL JUMP

PERFORMANCES AMONG RECREATIONAL BASKETBALL PLAYERS IN LAGOS STATE

BY

AYODELE, AYOBAMI EMMANUEL

Presented at the Department of PhysiotherapyUniversity of Abuja Teaching Hospital

Gwagwalada, Abuja(August, 2016)

01/05/2023 Ayodele Ayobami Emmanuel 2

CONTENTS

• TERMS• BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY• METHODOLOGY• RESULTS• DISCUSSION• CONCLUSION


RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE LOWER

LIMBS AND VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCES AMONG RECREATIONAL BASKETBALL PLAYERS


TERMS

• Anthropometry: human body measurement in terms of the dimensions of bone, muscle & adipose (Sahu, 2015).

• Recreational athlete: participates in athletics three or more times per week but does not follow a professionally designed training regimen (Davis et al, 2006).

• Vertical jump: an index of leg/kick power. Jumping vertically to achieve the highest point above ground (Abidin and Adam, 2011).


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE


VERTICAL JUMP

• Height achieved on the VJ has a direct correlation with the amount of force produced by muscle fibres (Changela and Bhatt, 2012).

• VJD shown to be related to current & potential level of athletic performance in several sports including BB (Davis et al, 2006)

• 1 of the indices for injury prevention and return from injury (DiStefano et al, 2010).

• VJ tests are used in athletics & rehab to measure physical performance in people of different age ranges & fitness (Mateos-Angulo et al, 2015).

• Common field test to evaluate anaerobic fitness; improvements test (Changela and Bhatt, 2012).


BASKETBALL

• Worldwide popularity (450 million players) - FIBA.

• Aerobic-based anaerobic sport (Delextrat and Cohen, 2009)

• High intensity activities - jumping, turns, dribbles, sprints, screens.

• Low intensity activities - as walking, stopping and jogging. • Study on physiological load in BB Abdelkrim et al (2007) reported

997±183 movements and 44±7 VJ acts during the game. • Players are required not only to perform such a high number of jumping

acts, but also to do them in a competitive & demanding environment (Ziv and Lidor, 2010).


VJ INFLUENCES

• Intrinsic factors: gender, age, body composition, growth and maturity (Buchanan and Vardaxis, 2003)

• Extrinsic factors: - physical activity, environmental conditions, sport selection and training (Aouichaoui et al, 2014);

• Indicated waist size, sitting height, BMI, leg length, body fat, SES, had no significant r with VJ parameters in Tunisian athletic children.

• Playing status, level of play, and position in college athletes (Reeves et al,

2008). • Intrinsic non-trainable variables of the arm (ulna, humerus, hand length)

not predictors of VJD in RAIs (Reeves et al, 2008).


STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• Non-trainable variables of the lower limbs i.e. length of individual body length segments in predicting VJD in basketball have not been established (Saiyed, 2015)

• No strong prediction model for VJD in BB (Verma et al, 2015).

• Previous studies revealed a preponderance of heterogeneous samples of athletes (Davis et al, 2003; Reeves et al, 2008; Aouichaoui et al, 2014; Saiyed et al 2015).

• Paucity of investigations assessing the influence of lower limb anthropometric variables on VJD in BB players.


AIM• To determine the relationship between selected lower limb

anthropometric parameters and VJ performances among recreational basketball players.

• Selected anthropometric parameters: • Femoral length• Thigh girth• Tibial length• Calf girth• Foot length.


SIGNIFICANCE

• Differentiating performance levels • Supplement data for basketball players of this category. • Provide relevant information on physical and physiological

characteristics of basketball players.• Help coaches increase their control over the physical & physiological

workloads in which players are engaged, & in turn improve quality of training.

• Useful for - coaches, athletic trainers, physiotherapists & sport physicians- who work regularly with athletes throughout different phases of training.

• Sports physio...contributing to the enhancement of sports performance, in athletes of all ages and abilities (Bennet & Grant, 2004).


MATERIALS AND METHODS


SUBJECT SELECTION

• A total number of 80 recreational basketball players participated in this study.

• Sports Centre of the University of Lagos

• National Stadium, Surulere Lagos.

INCLUSION CRITERIA• recreational BB players: 16 - 35 years of age.• regular participation in basketball of at least 1 hr/day, 3 days/week

for at least a year.


Exclusion criteria

• Hx of recent surgery.• Recent fracture.• Musculotendinous injury.• Ligament or tendon injury • Joint pathologies• Joint instability. • Neurological deficit.• Spinal pathology.• Any type of acute or chronic pain which restricts movements of

upper limb, lower limb and trunk.


Method Cont’d

• Ethical approval sought appropriately and a written informed consent was obtained before commencement.

• Study design - cross-sectional survey.

• Sampling technique: consecutive


INSTRUMENTS

• Weighing scale (Seca) > kg

• Height meter > cm

• Clinical tape measure > cm

• Smooth wall surface• Chalk Powder


DATA COLLECTION

• Basic demographic data including age and sex.

• light clothing prior to measurement of the anthropometric variables.

• All measurements were conducted on the same day for each of the participants; the same examiner measured all participants.

• Weight (kg) using a weighing scale; height (m) using a height meter.

• BMI calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by square of height in metres (i.e., kg/m2).


ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS• Femoral length: greater trochanter -lateral joint line of knee (Saiyed

et al, 2015).

• Tibial length: medial joint line of the knee - medial malleolus (Saiyed et al, 2015).

• Foot length: posterior heel - longest toe (Saiyed et al, 2015).

• Thigh girth: largest visual point in the upper thigh.

• Calf girth: largest visual point in the upper calf.


VJ TEST

• 3-minute warm up exercise including jogging and stretching of the lower limbs.

• The VJ test was performed using a wall mounted centimetre tape.

• Stand straight with dominant side next to the wall, both feet firmly on the ground (with foot wear).

• Standing reach: The participants’ finger tips were marked with chalk powder and were instructed to touch the wall as high as possible.


VJ TEST CONT’D

• Countermovement consisting of bending knees and hips while at the same time flexing the trunk.

• Lowering to a most comfortable point at the same time moving their arms back into hyperextension.

• Vertical leap as high as possible using both arms and legs, assisting the body upwards.

• Three readings The difference in distance between the standing reach height and the jump height is the vertical jump displacement.


ILLUSTRATION

A

B C

D E

A - vertical jump; B - femoral length; C - thigh girth; D - calf girth; E - Foot length.


RESULTS


AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICIPANTS

64 (80%)

10 (13%)

6 (8%)

≤2021-3031-40


GENDER DISTRIBUTION

MALE77 (96%)

FEMALE3 (4%)

MALEFEMALE


PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

MEASURE MEAN ± SD RANGE

Age (Years) 19.10 ± 4.46 16 - 34

Weight (kg) 76.16 ± 14.33 45 - 115

Height (m) 1.83 ± 0.08 1.66 – 1.99

BMI (Kg/m2) 22.64 ± 3.64 15 - 34


ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

MEASURES MEAN ± SD RANGE

Femoral length (m) 0.48 ± 0.04 0.39 – 0.61

Thigh girth (m) 0.56 ± 0.05 0.47 – 0.69

Tibial length (m) 0.46 ± 0.03 0.39 – 0.55

Calf girth (m) 0.37 ± 0.03 0.31 – 0.48

Foot length (m) 0.29 ± 0.01 0.24 – 0.33


VERTICAL JUMP DISPLACEMENT

VJD (m) Frequency (n) Percentage (%)

0.21 - 0.30 3 3.75

0.31 - 0.40 16 20.00

0.41 - 0.50 21 26.25

0.51 - 0.60 27 33.75

0.61 - 0.70 10 12.50

0.71 - 0.80 2 2.50

0.81 - 0.89 1 1.25

Total 80 100.00


Pearson product correlation (anthropometry with VJD)

MEASURES r p - value

Age 0.022 0.85

Weight -0.35 0.001*

Height -0.34 0.002*

BMI -0.22 0.047*

Femoral length -0.13 0.26

Thigh girth -0.12 0.31

Tibial length -0.10 0.38

Calf girth -0.22 0.05

Foot length -0.15 0.20


DISCUSSION

• Disproportionately lower number (N = 3) of female participants observed.

• Male dominance of recreational basketball within this region??

• VJD values consistent with other investigations involving recreational individuals (Davis et al, 2003; Reeves et al 2008).

• Mean VJD of 0.50 m obtained. • Reeves et al (2008) reported a mean VJD of 0.51 m for recreationally

active men & women while Davis et al (2006) reported an average VJD of 0.59 m for male recreational athletes!!

• Mean VJD similar to those of other recreational athletes outside this region.


DISCUSSION CONT’D

• Femoral length, thigh girth, tibial length, calf girth and foot length were not significantly correlated with VJD in recreational bb players.

• Agree with results reported for LLA in that no lower body segment

measurement produced a clear indicator of VJD (Davies et al, 2006).

• Disagree with Saiyed et al (2015) who reported that femoral length, thigh girth, tibial length, calf girth and foot length have significant correlations with VJP in male sport players!

• Investigation by Saiyed et al (2015) was performed in a cohort of basketball, football, and cricket players; may account for the disparity in results.


DISCUSSION CONT’D

• Davis et al (2003) positively significant correlation between calf girth and VJP & male recreational athletes.

• However, this report is not specific to recreational BB players. • Increased calf girth is related to cross sectional area of the muscles

and also the degree of body fat present in the calf area. • Fattahi et al (2012), reported that femoral length, thigh girth, tibial

length and calf girth correlated significantly with vertical jump displacement in elite volleyball players.

• It was evident that level of play, playing position and training were influential to VJP (Fattahi et al, 2012).


DISCUSSION CONT’D

• Racial differences may also be a factor to consider as there is a dearth of studies on VJP among athletes within this region.

• Significant negative correlation exists between VJP & weight, height and BMI.

• Supports the findings of Aouichaoui et al (2014) who reported that height and weight had an influence on VJP in a Tunisian athletic population.

• Fat tissue has positive correlation with body weight. More fat causes more body weight that requires greater forces in order to overcome gravity force (Zhang, 2010; Rupesh 2010).


DISCUSSION CONT’D

• However, Wyon et al (2006) and Abidin et al (2013) reported height and body weight have no significant relationship with VJ among dancers and martial athletes.

• Assessment based on weight and BMI alone may not accurately predict body composition of an individual, because neither measures differentiates the proportion of body fat mass, lean body mass, and muscle mass out of the total of body mass (Frankenfield et al, 2001; King et al, 2005).


CONCLUSION

• No significant relationship of femoral length, thigh girth, tibial length, calf girth and foot length with VJP among recreational BB players.

• It can thus be said that athletes of this category with reduced or increased values of these variables will not necessarily produce an increased or reduced VJP.

• Future studies should examine the interaction of more physical and anthropometric variables with VJP in BB players.

• It can be suggested that an optimum body composition of recreational BB players will improve their jumping ability.


RECOMMENDATIONS

• Based on the literature, strength and conditioning specialists should continue to focus efforts on improving anaerobic muscle power, while optimizing body composition to maximize VJD.

• Success in basketball requires good anthropometrical status;

• appropriate training and techniques in biomechanical and physiological aspects,

• strategies, and determination


IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

• Disproportionately fewer number of females (N = 3). • Limits generalization of the results to females and elite basketball

players.

• Further studies should seek to eliminate this gender disproportion and assess professional basketball players.

• More variables: muscular strength and power, flexibility, balance, coordination, body weight and composition, jumping technique, and position of play with VJD.


REFERENCES• Abdelkrim N, Fazaa S, Ati J (2007). Time-motion analysis and physiological data of elite

under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine 41(2): 69-75.

• Abidin NZ, Adam MB (2013). Prediction of vertical jump height from anthropometric factors in male and female martial arts athletes. Malaysian Journal of Medical sciences 20(1): 39.

• Aouichaoui C, Trabelsi Y, Tabka Z, Dogui M, Richalet J, Bouhlel E (2014). Effect of anthropometric characteristics and socio-economic status on vertical jumping performances in Tunisian athletic children. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2(1): 6-16.

• Buchanan PA, Vardaxis VG (2003). Sex-related and age related differences in knee strength of basketball players’ ages 11-17 years. Journal of Athletic training 38: 231-237.

• Bulley, C. and Donaghy, M., 2005. Sports physiotherapy competencies: the first step towards a common platform for specialist professional recognition. Physical therapy in sport, 6(2), pp.103-108.

• Changela PK, Bhatt S (2012). The correlational study of the vertical jump test and Wingate cycle test as a method to assess anaerobic power in high school basketball players. International Journal of Scientific Research Publications 2(6): 2250-3153.

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REFERENCES

• Davis DS, Briscoe DA, Markowski CT, Saville SE, Taylor CJ (2003). Physical characteristics that predict vertical jump performance in recreational male athletes. Physical Therapy in Sport 4(4): 167–174.

• Delextrat A, Cohen D (2009). Strength, power, speed, and agility of women basketball players according to playing position. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23(7): 1974-1981.

• DiStefano LJ, Padua DA, Blackburn JT, Garrett WE, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW (2010). Integrated injury prevention program improves balance and vertical jump height in children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24(2): 332-342.

• Fattahi A, Ameli M, Sadeghi H, Mahmoodi B (2012). Relationship between anthropometric parameters with vertical jump in male elite volleyball players due to game’s position. Journal of Human Sport Exercise 7(3): 714-726.

• Frankenfield DC, Rowe WA, Cooney RN, Smith JS, Becker D (2001). Limits of body mass index to detect obesity and predict body composition. Nutrition 17(1): 26-30.


REFERENCES

• Mateos-Angulo A, Galan-Mercant A, Cuesta-Vargas (2015). A mobile jump assessment (mJump): a descriptive and inferential study. Journal of Medical Internet Research Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies 2(2): 7.

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• Rupesh P (2010). Performance of a two foot vertical jump: what is more important hip or knee dominance? A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Kinesiology.

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• Saiyed, MZ, Pais V, Shaikh A, Shemjaz AM, Pais S. (2015). Relationship of limb girth, segmental limb length, hamstring flexibility with vertical jump in male sports players. International Journal of Current Research and Review 7(4): 72.


REFERENCES

• Stauffer KA (2005). The comparison of the Max Jones Quadrathlon with the verticle jump and Wingate Cycle tests as a method to access anaerobic power in female Division I College basketball players. University of Pittsburgh.

• Verma C, Subramanium L, Krishnan V (2015). Effect of plyometric training on vertical jump height in high school basketball players: a randomised control trial. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences 4(1): 7-12.

• Wyon M, Allen N, Angioi M, Nevill A, Twitchett E (2006). Anthropometric factors affecting vertical jump height in ballet dancers. Journal of Dance Medicine and science 10(3-4): 106-110.

• Zhang, Y (2010). An investigation on the anthropometry profile and its relationship with physical performance of elite Chinese women volleyball players. MSc Thesis. Southern Cross University Australia.

• Ziv G, Lidor R (2010). Vertical jump in female and male basketball players - a review of observational and experimental studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 13(3): 332-339.


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Relationship between selected anthropometric parameters of the lower limbs with vertical jump performances among recreational basketball players in Lagos