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What is a domain name? It is a unique string within the domain name system (DNS).
The DNS is a tree and its root is a „dot“.
The point at the end of a domain name will be ignored by most programs, like
browsers and email clients, but it is actually there.
DNS resolves names; It is a method to translate domain names to IP addresses, to
make it easier to remember.
The DNS zone file contains mappings between domain names and IP addresses
and other resources.
Subdomain Domain Top-Level Root
www. united-domains. de .
2 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de
What is a top-level domain? It is the name of the top tier and it is divided in two groups:
Generic TLDs (gTLDs) like .com, .net and .org
Country Code TLDs (ccTLDs) like .de, .io, .uk and many more.
Actually there are more than 1,000 gTLDs, e.g.:.aero, .asia, .berlin, .bike, .biz, .cat, .club, .com, .coop, .edu, .gov, .guru, .info, .int, .jobs, .mil, .mobi, .museu
m, .name, .net, .ngo, .nyc, .org, .post, .pro, .tel, .travel, .xyz, .xxx
There are over 200 ccTLDs, e.g.:.au, .br, .ca, .cn, .co, .de, .eu, .fr, .hk, .it, .io, .me, .nl, .ru, .tk, .uk, .us, .za
3 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de
Launch of new TLDs There are typically 3 phases during the launch of a TLD – Sunrise (SR), Landrush (LR)
and General Availability (GA).
There is a Sunrise period in which trademark owners can get first claim on domains.
In Landrush, prices are generally higher and there are auctions if more than one
person is interested in the same domain.
Sunrise and Landrush lasts ordinarily at least 30 days.
Early Access Phase (EAP) is a special case and it is recently used. EAP replaces the
Landrush and is taking place during the first 7 days of GA. Setup fees vary
depending on which day of EAP a registrant choose to purchase a domain.
Finally, the domain enters General Availability and the domains are available to
register regularly at the domain registrar.
4 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de
Life Cycle of a gTLD Domain The typical domain name life cycle looks like this
Source: https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/gtld-lifecycle-2012-02-25-en - Effective 03/2016
5 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de
1/2 What these periods mean? Add Grace
The add grace period of 5 days is provided after the initial registration of a domain name. If the registrar
deletes the domain name during this period, the registry may provide credit to the registrar for the cost of
the registration.
RegisteredDepending on the TLD a domain name can usually be registered for 1 – 10 years.
Auto-Renew GraceThis grace period is provided after a domain name registration period expires and is extended (renewed)
automatically by the registry. If the registrar deletes the domain name during this period, the registry
provides a credit to the registrar for the cost of the renewal.
Redemption GraceThis status code indicates that a registrar has asked the registry to delete a domain. The domain will be
held in this status for 30 days.
6 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de
2/2 What these periods mean? Pending Delete
After 5 calendar days following the end of the Redemption Period, the domain is purged from the registry
database and becomes available for registration.
Pending RestoreThis status code indicates that a registrar has asked the registry to restore a domain that was in
redemption. The registry will hold the domain in this status while waiting for your registrar to provide
required restoration documentation. If the registrar fails to provide documentation to the registry
operator within the set period of time to confirm the restoration request, the domain will revert to
redemption.
Transfer GraceThis grace period is provided after the successful transfer of a domain name from one registrar to another.
If the new registrar deletes the domain name during this period, the registry provides a credit to the
registrar for the cost of the transfer.
7 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de
Domain Name Status Codes Client codes are set by Registrars and Server codes by Registries; Server take
precedence over Client codes.
*TransferProhibitedThis status code prevents a domain from being transferred from one registrar to another.
*DeleteProhibitedThis status code prevents a domain from being deleted.
*UpdateProhibitedThis status code locks a domain preventing it from being updated.
*RenewProhibitedThis status code indicates that a domain name will not be renewed.
*HoldThis status code indicates that a domain is not activated in the DNS.
* stands for either server or client; serverTransferProhibited, clientTransferProhibited, etc.
8 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de
Restrictions and Special Cases For some gTLDs (.nyc, .travel, …) and many ccTLDs (.ca, .eu, .sa, …) it is common
practice to restrict access to their domains by imposing specific requirements on
applicants that wish to register a domain name.
Local PresenceThe registrant is required to have a physical presence in the respective country or region of the TLD in
order to register a domain.
Additional dataDepending on the TLD, a registrant is required to additionally provide, e.g.: for an individual – ID card
number and date of birth to register .moscow and .hk domains; for an individual or an organization – to
declare NGO entity to register .ngo domains; for an organization – to provide company’s registration
certificate to register .cn domains, etc.
9 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de
Thank you!
Please get in touch if you have any further questions:
https://tobiassattler.com
tobiassattler
10 | Tobias Sattler, CIO www.united-domains.de