Power Shift: The Fifth Estate

PowerShi*:

RiseoftheInternetandaFi*hEstate

WilliamH.Du=onQuelloProfessorofMediaandInforma@onPolicy

JamesandMaryQuelloCenterMichiganStateUniversity

@BiIIDu=onII=twocapitali’s

Presentation for the Department of Informatics and Library Science, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, 13 November 2015.

URBISProject1974-79

Evalua@onofUrbanInforma@onSystems(URBIS)

PublicPolicyResearchOrganiza@on(PPRO),UCIrvine

RobKling,KenKraemer,JimDanziger,AlexMood,andMe

EarlyEmpiricalStudyofRoleofCompu@nginGovernment

MajorQues@on:PowerShi*s?

PowerShi*s

?

Pluralis@c

Technocra@cElite

ManagerialElite

PowerShi*s:ReinforcementPoli@cs

ReinforcementPoli@cs

Pluralis@c

Technocra@cElite

ManagerialElite

DecadesofReinforcementPoli@cs

Danziger,J.,Du=on,W.H.,Kling,R.,andKraemer,K.(1982),ComputersandPoli1cs.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress.

FocusofThisTalk

TheInternetandPowerShi*sShapedbyReconfiguringAccesstoInforma@on

TheRiseofaFi*hEstate

RobKling,PowerShi*s&SocialResearchonCompu@ng

TheInternet’sUseinReconfiguringAccessto:

Informa@on

People

Services

Technology

•  Howyougetinforma@on• Whatyouknow

•  Howyoucommunicate• Whoyouknow

•  Howyouobtainservices•  Fromwhom,fromwhere

•  Howyoudowhatyoudo• Whatknow-howyourequire

PowerShi*s&theInternet:aNewConven@onalWisdom

Governmentsand

Ins@tu@ons

Ci@zensandConsumers

ANewOrganiza@onalForm:EnablingNetworkedIndividuals

SourceInforma@on

Join&CreateNetworks

EnhanceCommunica@ve

Power

OxfordInternetSurveys(OxIS)•  2003,2005,2007,2009,2011,2013•  Cross-sec@onalSurveysversusPanels•  Mul@-StageProbabilitySample•  England,Scotland&Wales•  Respondents:14yearsandolder•  Face-to-faceInterviews,HighResponseRates•  Sponsorshipfor2013fromtheNominetTrust,Ofcom,UKResearchCouncils,dot.rural

•  ComponentofWorldInternetProject(WIP)

FirstPortofCall

SearchvSites

SocialCues&Collabora@on

Value

Trust

Diffusion

Significance

FocusedCaseStudies

Surveys

5thEstateConceptCases

Dynamics,Strategies

TheFi*hEstate§  Press since the 18th Century - the ‘Fourth Estate’

§  Internet in the 21st - enabling a Fifth Estate

Internet enabling a critical mass of individuals to source information, and network in ways that support distributed social accountability in business, industry, government, politics & media.

TheFourthEstate

“[Edmund] Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters’ Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more prominent far than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or witty saying; it is a literal fact – very momentous to us in these times.”

Thomas Carlyle (1831), Heroes and Hero-Worship, at www.gutenberg.org.etext/1091

FeudalEstatesintothe21stCenturyFeudalEstates&Mob 21stCenturyRolesof

Clergy PublicIntellectualsTechnocrats

Nobility Business,IndustryandEconomicElites,InternetIndustrialElites

Commons Government,Poli@cians&Regulators

Press JournalistsandtheMassMedia

Mob CivilSociety,NetworkedIndividuals,Mobs

Montesquieu’sTripar=teSystemintothe21st(USSepara@onofPowers)

Tripar@te ModernUSParallel Courts Judiciary

Monarch Execu@ve

Parliament Legisla@ve

Pressas4th JournalistsandtheMassMedia

Mob CivilSociety,NetworkedIndividuals,Mobs

NetworkedIns@tu@onsvIndividuals

§  Networked Institutions, such as in e-Health

§  Networked Individuals:

§  going to the Internet for health and medical information

§  networking patients, e.g., Patients Like Me

§  networking physicians, e.g., Sermo

Arenas: Networked Institutions

Networked Individuals

News Online journalism, BBC Online, Live Micro-Blogging

Netizens, Citizen Journalists, Bloggers, Whistleblowers, Leaks, Churnalism.org, Hacking Blacklash

Government Digital Democracy, E-Consultation, e-Voting, Surveillance

Obama campaign, Arab Spring, Anti-Bribery Websites, 38 Degrees

Education Online Learning, Multimedia Classrooms, MOOCs

Backchannels, Informal Learning, Rate My Teacher, Khan Academy

Health and Medical NHS Direct, e-mailing safety alerts

Going to the Internet for health information, networks of patients, physicians

Fi*hEstateasComplementvSubs@tute

NetworkedIns@tu@ons•  Democra@c-Autocra@c

•  NotReplaced

NetworkedIndividuals•  CoretoIns@tu@ons&•  Baseof5thEstate

ArrayofRelatedFi*hEstateStrategies•  Findthroughsearchorsocialmedia•  Pa@entorci@zenfindsinforma@onaboutproblemsSearching

•  Individualcreatesinforma@on• MarthaPayne’sNeverSecondsSourcing

• Distributeorleakinforma@ontonetworks• WhistleBlowers,WikiLeaks,OpenLeaks,EdwardSnowdenDistribu@ng-Leaking

•  Self-selectedcollora@venetworks•  Sermo,Pa@entsLikeMeNetworking

•  SocialMovements• OrchestratePoli@calCampaignsCollec@veAc@on

• Aggregateinforma@on,observa@ons• RateMyTeacher,BriberyWebsites,EnvironmentalSensorsCollec@veIntelligence

Business&IndustryMeetthe5thEstateBloggers covered the Web and Social Media with Images of BP’s Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Effects of Oil Spill (2006)

Martha Payne, 9 yr old girl writes blog for school project in Scotland: ‘NeverSeconds’ - Produced content: photos & reviews school lunch in 2012 - Distributed on her blog: neverseconds.blogspot.com/ - Censored by her institution (her primary school’s council) - 8,859,514 pages views

- Fostered debate over the quality of school lunches nationwide and worldwide

Business&IndustryMeetthe5thEstateVideos of individuals circulated on social media immediately after huge chemical explosions at warehouse in Tianjin, China (13 Aug 2015)

By 17 Aug, 50 Websites shut down by Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) for spreading rumors

Nanjing,China,GasExplosion(28Jul2010)Explosionnotcoveredbylocalpapers,butcoveredbybloggers,includingvideoofgov’tofficialinterrup@ngalivereport,saying“Whogaveyoupermission…?”h=ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLdaO-XDOdM

Photographs of Snipers in Kiev

Celebration in Kiev Marking a Year Since Shootings of Anti-government Protesters

Conflicting War on Information about Who Ordered What?

SourcingandCheckingFacts

• Churnalism• FactChecking

ChallengingthePress

• Retrac@onWebSites

ChallengingAcademia



• Distributeorleakinforma@ontonetworks• WhistleBlowers,WikiLeaks,OpenLeaks,EdwardSnowdenDistribu=ng-Leaking




Accountability:Distribu@ng,Leaking







Sermo: a Collaborative Network Organisation

SavingSweetBriarCollege

Repor@ngonChina’sStockMarket

Social media (WeChat and Weibo) rather than state news media have become major sources of information for Chinese given blocking of Western media reports* http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/world/asia/consumer-anxiety-in-china-undermines-governments-economic-plans.html?_r=0





•  SocialMovements• OrchestratePoli@calCampaignsCollec=veAc=on


MU&BeyondreRacismonCampus

Concerned Student 1950 Protests






• Aggregateinforma@on,observa@ons• RateMyTeacher,BriberyWebsites,EnvironmentalSensorsCollec=veIntelligence

Ra@ngswiththeirDrawbacks

RateMyTeacher

AmazonSellerandProductRa@ngs

eBayRa@ngofSuppliers

Pollu@onMonitoringMobileApps

ChallengestotheFi*hEstate

PublicIntellectuals

Business&IndustrialElites

Governmentand

RegulatoryAgencies

Press

The‘Mob’Bad‘Hackers’

ThreatstoTrust&Centralityof5th

• Up-takeoftheInternet• Qualityorbiasofalgorithms•  Privacyandsurveillance

Search

•  Lowlevelsofsocialmediause•  Echochamber•  Freedomofexpression&assembly

SocialCuesandCollabora@on

•  Crea@ngavirtuouscycleofuse•  Riseofentertainment•  Closingofaworldonmobileapps

1stPortofCall

Opportuni@esandProblems

• EmpiricallyAnchored• Pluralis@cDemocra@cAccountability• DistributedIntelligence

Value

• Enemiesofthe5thEstate•  InappropriateRegulatoryResponses• Top-downControlofSearch&Networks

Challenges

• EmpoweringIndividuals:RealPowerShi*• Cri@calMassvUniversalAccess–NotJustaSocialorPoli@calMovement

NewReality

Whatcanbedone?

EncouragingAccesstoandUp-takeoftheInternet

FosteringUseofSocialMediaforInforma@onvEntertainment

LearningandEduca@ononCri@calSourcingandUseofInforma@on

AwarenessoftheExistence&ValueofaFi*hEstate

ResearchFounda@ons•  OxfordInternetSurveys:2003-2013andWorldInternetProject(WIP)

•  TheInternetValuesProject:OIIincollabora@onwithINSEAD,comScore,WEF,andictQATAR

•  ThePerformanceofDistributedProblem-SolvingNetworks(DPSN)Project(2007-8)

•  TheOxforde-SocialScienceProject(OeSS),EconomicandSocialResearchCouncil(2005-12)

•  TheFi*hEstateProject,supportedbytheOII,OxfordInternetSurveys(2003-13),JuneKlein,ElectronicBoardroom™,andtheQuelloCenter

•  Readings:h=p://quello.msu.edu/research/the-fi*h-estate/

ABigDebttoRobKling

ModelofInterdisciplinaryResearch

SocialInforma@cs,Accountability,and…

SocialStudiesofCompu@ng

PowerShi*s

PowerShi*:

RiseoftheInternetandaFi*hEstate

WilliamH.Du=onQuelloProfessorofMediaandInforma@onPolicy

JamesandMaryQuelloCenterMichiganStateUniversity

@BiIIDu=onII=twocapitali’s

Presentation for the Department of Informatics and Library Science, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, 13 November 2015.