Argumentation Technology,

Or: How the Law Is Changing Artificial Intelligence

Bart VerheijArtificial Intelligence, University of Groningenwww.ai.rug.nl/~verheij

“The Great Robot Judge”

Real humans, 2012

The two faces of Artificial Intelligence

Expert systemsBusiness rulesOpen dataIBM’s Deep Blue

Knowledge techFoundation:

logic

Adaptive systemsMachine learningBig dataIBM’s Watson

Data techFoundation:

probability theory

Netherlands Criminal Courts Prediction Machine

Predict

Netherlands Criminal Courts Prediction Machine

Predict Let’s push the button

Netherlands Criminal Courts Prediction Machine

Predict Let’s push the button

Netherlands Criminal Courts Prediction Machine

Predict

Prediction: The suspect is guilty as charged

Netherlands Criminal Courts Prediction Machine

Predict

Prediction: The suspect is guilty as charged

Umilian was accused of murdering Jedrusik.

A 1931 Wigmorechart

Verheij, B. (2005). Virtual Arguments. On the Design of Argument Assistants for Lawyers and Other Arguers. T.M.C. Asser

Press, The Hague.

Law as Argumentation

Facts (initial version)

Evidence(initial version)

Legal consequences (initial version)

Facts (final version)

Evidence(final version)

Legal consequences (final version)Pros

Cons

Argumentation technology:state of the art

Non-standard foundations

Developed in contrast with standard IT foundations:

logic probability theory

Recall: two faces

of Artificial Intelligence

Designing and Understanding Forensic Bayesian Networkswith Arguments and Scenarios

www.ai.rug.nl/~verheij/nwofs/

Evidence

One scenario Another scenario

p(C2|R)p(C1|R)

Verheij, B. (2014). To Catch a Thief With and Without Numbers: Arguments, Scenarios and Probabilities in Evidential Reasoning. Law, Probability & Risk 13, 307-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lpr/mgu011

Verheij, B. (2014). Arguments and Their Strength: Revisiting Pollock's Anti-Probabilistic Starting Points. Computational Models of Argument. Proceedings of COMMA 2014 (eds. Parsons, S., Oren, N., Reed, C., & Cerutti, F.), 433-444. Amsterdam: IOS Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-436-7-433

Reasons

Conclusions Other conclusions

p(C2|R)p(C1|R)

The two faces of Artificial Intelligence

Expert systemsBusiness rulesOpen dataIBM’s Deep Blue

Knowledge techFoundation:

logic

Adaptive systemsMachine learningBig dataIBM’s Watson

Data techFoundation:

probability theory

The two faces of Artificial Intelligence

Expert systemsBusiness rulesOpen dataIBM’s Deep Blue

Knowledge techFoundation:

logic

Adaptive systemsMachine learningBig dataIBM’s Watson

Data techFoundation:

probability theory

Argumentation Technology,

Or: How the Law Is Changing Artificial Intelligence

Bart VerheijArtificial Intelligence, University of Groningenwww.ai.rug.nl/~verheij