GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES

THE 1ST SEMESTERGRADE 11(2015-2016)

for internal use only

UNIT 1: FRIENDSHIP

Tapescript

Lan’s talkMy best friend is Ha. We've been friends for a long time. We used to live in Nguyen Cong Tru Residential Area in Ha Noi. Her family led to Hai Phong in 1985. It is said that Hai Phong people are cold but Ha is really, really friendly. I first started to get to know her help I was going on a two-day trip to Do Son last year and I didn't know anybody there. I gave Ha a ring and she was so friendly, she said, "Oh, I'll come to visit you." So she rode on her motorbike to Do Son and twenty minutes later she was there. She stayed with me for two days. She happened to know a lot of people there, so she introduced me around, and we've been best friends ever since.Long’s Talk

My best friend is Minh. We met in college. I was there singing and Minh was a guitarist. So we worked together a lot. Minh has a great sense of humour, he’s very, very funny, and that’s one of my favourite things about him. And over the years, we have been through good times and bad times with each other, and that’s one of the things I like best about him. And we have a lot of the same interests. We like to go to plays and movies together. But when we’re going through a rough time, he’s really a good friend, and he’s a very good listener, and he always helped me through.

WRITING

Write on this topic: " What, in your opinion, are the best qualities for true friendship?"Sample:

Friends are a necessity in every child’s life. They are there to comfort, to laugh with, and to create wonderful memories. Friendship is being there for someone when they need you, and to have a common bond to have the freedom of hanging out with each other and to be comfortable around each other. The main ideas of friendship are honesty and trust, caring and having similarities. Without honesty and trust, friendship wouldn’t last very long. The definition of honesty is “quality and condition of being honest,

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integrity”. Friendship would be held up by honesty. Trust is another important thing that relates to honesty, your friends really need to trust you. 

In addition, you need to care for your friends so the relationship will last. The definition for caring is to be concerned or interested for others. An example of care is being there when someone really need you like during a bad situation. You should also be supportive of your friends. 

Thirdly, similarities in friendship will make the bond grow. The definition of similarities is the quality or condition of being alike, resemblance. For example, two friends like the same kind of music. Similarities in interests are things like a couple of friends liking the same thing like music, hobbies and many other things. It would help by making them want to do more things together.  Good friends will always use honesty and trust, caring and support, and similarities in interest if they want their friendship to last.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

GERUND - INFINITIVE - BARE INFINITIVE

GROUP A: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND (WITH NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING)

begin like hate bother start love can’t stand intend continue prefer* can’t bear propose(ñeà nghò)

(a) It began to rain. / It began raining

(b) I started to work. / I started working

(c) It was beginning to rain

In (a) and (b) there is no difference between “began to rain” and” began raining.”If the main verb is progressive, an infinitive (not a gerund) is usually used

* prefer + gerund: I prefer staying home TO going to the cinema

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prefer + infinitive: I prefer to stay home THAN (to) go to the cinema

GROUP B: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND (WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING)

V +: to –infinitive: mang yù nghóa cuûa moät muïc ñích, moät döï ñònh trong töông lai

V + gerund: mang yù nghóa cuûa moät kinh nghieäm ñaõ saún coù

Judy always remembers to lock the door

I remember reading this book

Remember + infinitive = remember to perform responsibility, duty, or task(nhôù thöïc hieän nhieäm vuï, boån phaän phaûi laøm)Remember + gerund = remember (recall) something that happened in the past (nhôù ñaõ laøm vieäc gì trong quaù khöù)

Sam often forgets to lock the door

She forgets closing the windows.(she closed the windows but now she doesn’t remember it)

Forget + infinitive = forget to perform a responsibility, duty, or task (queân laøm ñieàu gì laø boån phaän, nhieäm vuï)Forget + gerund = forget something that happened in the past (queân ñieàu gì ñaõ xaûy ra hay ñaõ laøm). Usually in negative or question (I’ll never forget; I can’t forget................)

I regret to tell you that you failed the test(regret laø haønh ñoäng 1, to tell laø haønh ñoäng 2)

Regret + infinitive = regret to say, to tell someone, to inform someone of some bad news (hoái tieác phaûi noùi, thoâng tin ñieàu

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I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back

gì khoâng may maén cho ai) (for a present action: ôû hieän taïi)Regret + gerund = regret something that happened in the past (hoái tieác ñieàu gì ñaõ xaûy ra)

He stops to smoke. (He stopped another work in order to smoke)He stops smoking. (He doesn’t smoke any more)

Stop + infinitive of purpose = stop something in order to do another work (ngöng laøm ñieài gì ñeå laøm vieäc khaùc)Stop + gerund = stop, give up to do something, to end an action (ngöng, khoâng laøm ñieàu gì nöõa)

I am trying to learn English.She tries making a cake.

Try + infinitive = make an effort, attempt to do (coá gaéng, noã löïc)Try + gerund = test, make a trial (thöû laøm ñieàu gì)

We need to leave at eight.

The house needs painting. (= the house needs to be painted)

Need / Want / Require / Deserve + infinitive = need to do something (caàn laøm caùi gìNeed / Want / Require / Deserve + gerund = need to be done (passive meaning) (mang nghóa bò ñoäng, canà ñöôïc laøm)

I like to keep all these papers in orderI like dancing

Like + infinitive = sth. Is a good idea (thích vì thaáy toát, coù ích)Like + gerund = ham chuoäng, thích thuù say meâ

I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to Mean + infinitive = intend (döï

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step on your foot.I have to be at the airport by nine. It means getting early

ñònh)Mean + gerund = involve (used with impersonal subject), expressing result (ñoøi hoûi phaûi, caàn phaûi, coù lieân quan ñeán keát quaû)

I would like to go for a swim. It’s such a lovely dayI feel like sleeping now

Would like + infinitive = want (muoán)Feel like + gerund = wish for (öôùc muoán, öôùc coù)

They don’t allow us to park here

They don’t allow parking here

Advise/ recommend / allow / permit + Obj.(person) + infinitive (neáu sau ñoäng töø coù taân ngöõ chæ ngöôøi thì duøng infinitive)Advise/ recommend/ allow / permit + gerund

I used to swim when I was a childI am used to living in a hot climate

Used to + infinitive = a past habit or routine (thoùi quen trong quaù khöù)Be / Get used to + gerund = be/ get accustomed to sth. (qen vôùi caùi gì)

GROUP C: VERB + BARE INFINITIVE

He let this dog go outThe news made him look anxiousYou had better tell him the

letmake + Bare Inf.

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truthwe would rather not go with himI can speak English

had betterwould ratherhad soonerModal verbs (can; may ,must, will…..)

NOTES: 1. SUGGEST + (Obj. / possessive pronoun ) + V-ing

that Subj. + should + V-bare that Subj. + present subjunctive

His wife suggested taking the children to the sea this weekend

The manager suggested that she come to talk to the personnel department. 

The manager suggested that she should come  to talk to the personnel department. 

2. PREPOSITION + V-INGDo you concentrate on reading or writing?

The patient worries about having the check-up.

3. MAKE - Make + Obj. + V- bare- Make + Obj. + Adj. / Past participle- BE made + TO- VerbYou can't make him go if he doesn't want to.

She had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music.

The prisoners are made to dig holes and fill them in again.

4. ALLOW / ADVISE / PERMIT / RECOMMEND Allow / permit / advise / recommend + Obj. + Verb- TO

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BE allowed / permitted / advised / recommended + Verb- TOAllow / permit / advise / recommend + Verb-ING

Do you think Dad will allow you to go to Jamie's party?You're not permitted to talk during the exam.I'd advise wait ing  until tomorrow.

4.Verbs of perception

see, hear, feel, notice listen to touch smell + V.ING / V.

BARE

Be seen , be heard , be noticed + V.ing / to.V

We heard you leave. ( Emphasis on our hearing.)We heard you leaving. ( Emphasis on your leaving.)

The infinitive is used after these verbs when we want to say that we hear or see the whole of an action or event. The –ing form is used to suggest that we hear an action or event in progress.Compare:

I heard her sing a lovely song. (As I sat listening, she started singing a song and I listened to her until she finished it.)

I heard her singing a song as I walked past her room. (When I heard her she was singing a song – she was probably in the middle of her singing. Anyway, I didn’t hear the entire song.)The –ing form can suggest repetition.

I saw him throwing stones at the dogs. (= He kept throwing stones.)

She was heard to mutter "I shall never forgive you" as she went out of the room.He was seen climbing out of the window.

help + to.V / V.bare ; be helped + to.V

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Jack is helping me to tidy my CDs. or Jack is helping me tidy my CDs.

5. have , get ( nhôø , sai khieán ai ñoù laøm gì) :Active : Have sb V-BARE sth

Get sb V-TO sth

Passive : Have / get sth V3 by sbPlease have your secretary fax me the information.How can parents get their children to read more?I'm going to have my hair cut.We're getting a new telephone system installed.

SUMMARY:

V + infinitive V + O +

infinitive V + gerundV + infinitive / gerund

afford (ñuû söùc)agree (ñoàng yù)appear ( hình nhö)arrange(saép ñaët)ask(hoûiû, yeâu caàu)beg(ñeà nghò, caàu xin)care (ñeå yù, quan taâm)claim (cho laø)consent (ñoàng yù, thoûa thuaän)decide (quyeát ñònhdemand (ñoøi

cause (gaây ra, taïo ra)challenge(ñoøi hoûi, yeâu caàu)convince(thuyeát phuïc)dare (daùm chaéc)encourage (khuyeán khích)forbid (caám)force (eùp buoäc)hire (thueâ)instruct (chæ daãn)invite (môøi)order (ra leänh)persuade

admit (nhaän, thöøa nhaänanticipate(ñoùan tröôùc)aprreciate(caûm kíchù)avoid(traùnh)can’t help (ngaên ñöôïc, traùnh)complete (hoøan taát)consider (think about)can’t stand ((khoâng chòu ñöôïc)delay (hoõan laïi)deny (choái)detest (gheùt)

begin (baét ñaàu)bother (laøm phieàn)can’t bear (khoâng theå chòu)can’t stand ((khoâng chòu ñöôïc)continue (tieáp tuïc)prefer (thích hôn)hate (gheùt)intend (döï ñònh)like (öa thích)love (yeâu thích)start (baét ñaàu)

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hoûi, yeâu caàuexpect (mong ñôïi)fail (thaát baïi)hesitate (löôõng löï, do döï)hope (hy voïng)learn (hoïc)manage (xoay sôû, tìm caùch)offer (ñeà nghò)plan (vaïch keá hoïach)prepare (chuaån bò)pretend (giaû vôø, laøm ra veû)promise (höùa)refuse (töø choái)seem (döôøng nhö)struggle (ñaáu tranh, choâng laïi)swear (theà, höùa)threaten (ñe doïa)volunteer (tình nguyeän)wait (chôø, ñôïi)wish (mong

(thuyeát phuïc)remind (nhaéc nhôû)teach (daïy)tell (baûo, keå)urge (naøi næ, thuùc giuïc)warn (caûnh baùo)

discuss (talk about) (thaûo luaän)dislike (khoâng thích)enjoy(thích thuù)escape (troán thoùat)feel like (muoán)finish (get through) (laøm xong)forgive (tha thöù)hate (gheùt)imagine (töoûng töôïng)keep (keep on) (giöõ,tieáp tuïc)loathe (gheâ tôûm)mention (noùi ñeán)mind (quan taâm)miss (boû lôõ)prefer (thích hôn)prevent (ngaên ngöøa)postpone (put off) (hoõan)practice (luyeän taäp)quit (give up) (boû)recall (nhaéc

propose(ñeà nghò)

dread (kinh sôï)go on (tieáp tuïc)mean (döï ñònh) permit (cho pheùp)advise (khuyeân)allow (cho pheùp)recommend(daën doø)regret (hoái tieác)remember (nhôù) forget (queân)require (yeâu caàu, ñoøi hoûi)deserve(xöùng ñaùng)stop (ngöng, boû)try (coá gaéng)want /need (caàn)

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öôùc) nhôû)recollect (nhôù laïi)recommend (giôùi thieäu)resent (töùc toái)resist (phaûn ñoái )risk (lieàu)suggest (ñeà nghò)tolerate (tha thöù)understand (hieåu)

SOME IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS ARE FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY A GERUND

Ex: I couldn’t help laughing when I heard his story.It’s no use asking him for help

It’s no use /good (voâ ích)to be busy (baän roän)to be worth (ñaùng , xöùng ñaùng)There is no (chaúng coøn caùch naøo)look forward to (troâng mong)

can’t help /could’t help (khoâng khoûi)Do you / Would you mind (xin caûm phieàn)to have fun (vui veû, thích thuù)to have a good time (vui veû)

to have trouble (gaëp khoù khaên trong)to have difficulty to have a hard lifeto have a difficult timeHow about / What about................

UNIT 2 PERSONAL EXPERIENCESTapescriptInterviewer: This is Radio 3. In our “ Unforgettable Experiences”

programme tonight we talk to Christina, a successful business woman. Hello Christina, welcome to our programme.

Christina: Hello and thank you! It’s nice being with you tonight.

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Interviewer:: Christina, could you tell our audience about the most memorable experience in your life?

Chris: Well, my most unforgettable experience happened 13 years ago, when my house burned down.

Interviewer: Really? How did it happen?Chris: The fire started in the kitchen where I forgot to turn off the gas

stove.Interviewer:: What were you doing at that time?Chris: I was sleeping when I was suddenly woken up by terrible heat. I

opened my eyes to find myself surrounded by wall of fire.Interviewer:: That’s terrible. How did you escape?Chris: I was terrified. Then I heard my mother’s voice calling my name. I

rushed to her. She carried me out. Luckily, I got away without even a minor burn.

Interviewer:: Not many people are so lucky. Did the fire affect you in any way?

Chris: Oh, yes, very much, in fact. Although I lost many things in the fire, the experience helped me to grow up.

Interviewer:: What do you mean?Chris: Well, before the fire I was selfish. I always complained to my mother

about how small my room was, or how few clothes I had. Then the fire came and destroyed everything we owned. But I slowly began to realise that I didn’t really need my old things. I just needed my family. After all, you can get new clothes anytime, but a family can never be replaced.

Interviewer:: I see, so the fire took many things from you, but it gave you something, too.

Chris: Exactly. It taught me to appreciate my family more than things.

WRITING

Write a letter (of about 120 words) to your penpal telling him/her about one of your most memorable past experiences

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A sample letter:Hanoi, September 3rd 2009

Dear Long, 

How have you been doing? Have you got any plan for the coming school

break? Perhaps I will go to see my grandparents in the countryside. I

haven’t seen them since my last school holiday.

Let me tell you about my last summer vacation at my grandparents’. It was

almost a year ago and was one of my most unforgettable experiences.

My grandparents live in a small village in Trung Khanh. There is a large

river at the back of their house where I often go swimming every afternoon

when I spend my vacation with them.

One day when I was swimming with some of my friends, I suddenly caught a

cold. I felt so dizzy and was too weak to continue swimming, so I started to

sink. I thought I was going to drown but I couldn’t call out for help because

I was too tired and terrified. Luckily, one of my friends saw that and

shouted for help. Immediately, another friend who swims the best among us

swam towards me and tried to pull me up. Then other friends swam towards

us to help him push me in.. My ljfe was finally saved.

Now recalling the moment I thought I was going to die, I understand how

precious life is. This event definitely taught me to appreciate my life.

What about you? Have you got any unforgettable holiday that you would

like to share with me?

See you soon.

    Nam

LANGUAGE FOCUS

TENSE REVISIONTENSES FORM USAGE EXAMPLES

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1Simple Present

V1/ s / es

-s , x , ch , sh , o + eswatches , kisses -phuï aâm + y y thaønh i , theâm esstudy studies

-chaân lyù , söï thaät , thoùi quen-chöông trình treân T.V , ôû nhaø haùt , giao thoâng coâng coäng ..-often / usually / frequently , always , sometimes / occasionally (thænh thoaûng) , seldom / rarely (ít khi) , never ( khoâng bao giôø ), every day , every week , every month , every year , once a week (moãi tuaàn moät laàn) , twice a month ( moãi thaùng hai laàn) …

-The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.-I often go to school before half past six.-The film begins at seven tonight. -The train leaves at three this afternoon.

2Present Continu

ous

Am / is / are + V.ing

- boû e theâm ing (tröø –ee ) write writing

Moät haønh ñoäng :- ñang dieãn ra ôû thôøi ñieåm noùi - coù tính taïm thôøi . khoâng

-We are now studying .-I’m reading a ghost story this week.-Be quiet ! She’s sleeping.

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dance dancing- ie yinglie lying

phaûi thoùi quen- töông lai gaàn. (ñaõ leân keá hoaïch)-now / right now / at the moment / at present / presently , still ( vaãn)

-He usually wears a shirt but today he is wearing a T-shirt.-We’re leavingtomorrow.

3Present Perfect

Have / has + V3 /edCaùch gaáp ñoâi phuï aâm cuoái khi theâm -ed hoaëc -ing :-V. 1 vaàn , taän cuøng laø phuï – nguyeân – phuï : stopped , running , swimming -V. 2 vaàn , ñoïc nhaán vaàn cuoái , taän cuøng laø phuï – nguyeân – phuï : permitted , preferred , beginning -Khoâng gaáp ñoâi : w, x, y

Moät haønh ñoäng :-vöøa môùi xaûy ra : just -trong quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi gian : recently / lately (thôøi gian gaàn ñaây) , already ( ñaõ roài) , before , never ( chöa bao giôø) , ever (ñaõ töøng) , yet (chöa) ..-baét ñaàu trong quaù khöù vaø keùo daøi ñeán hieän taïi : since + ñieåm thôøi gian , for + khoaûng thôøi gian , so far / up to now/ until now/, up to the present ( cho

-We have just finished our test.-She has seen that film recently.-They have already read that book .-He has lived here for three years now.-He has seen that film several times .-This is the first time I have seen such a beautiful girl. She is the most beautiful girl I have seen.

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-quitted , equipped

ñeán baây giôø ) , for two years now , since two years ago , how long ..-laäp ñi laäp laïi nhieàu laàn trong quaù khöù :twice , three times , several times (nhieàu laàn)…-sau This / that / it is the first / second / third / only / superlative ( so saùnh nhaát)

4Simple Past

V2 / ed-phuï aâm + y y thaønh i , theâm ed :study studied

-xaûy ra vaø chaám döùt trong quaù khöù , bieát roõ thôøi gian : yesterday , ago , last week / year , in 1990 , once ( coù laàn) ..

-He didn’t go to school yesterday.-He was in hospital for six months last year.

5Past

Continuous

Was / were + V.ing

-xaûy ra vaø keùo daøi moät thôøi gian ôû quaù khöù raát gaàn : all the morning

-He was working all the afternoon yesterday.

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yesterday, from 6 : 00 to 8 : 30 yesterday ..-ñang xaûy ra vaøo moät thôøi ñieåm quaù khöù : at 7 :00 last night , at this time last week ..

-What were you doing at 6 p.m last Sunday ?

6Past

Perfect

Had + V3 / ed -Xaûy ra vaø hoaøn taát tröôùc moät ñieåm thôøi gian trong quaù khöù hoaëc tröôùc moät haønh ñoäng khaùc trong quaù khöù .-Sau It / This / That + was the first / second / third / only / superlative

-We had worked in this company before 2003.When I got up yesterday , she had already left.-It was the most difficult question that I had ever known.

7Simple Future

S + will + V.bareI / We +shall+V.bare

-Seõ xaûy ra trong töông lai , moät döï ñoaùn veà töông lai : tomorrow , next Sunday / week / year .. , someday , soon ..

-She’ll be here in a few minutes.-I’ll call you tomorrow.

8 Am / is / are + - seõ , ñònh , -Where are you 16

Near Future

going to + V.bare

moät döï ñònh trong töông lai gaàn. - khi coù gôïi yù veà ñieàu gì ñoù saép xaûy ra

going to spend your holidays ?-The clouds are dark. It is going to rain.

9Future Perfect

Will have + V3 / ed

-seõ hoaøn taát tröôùc moät thôøi ñieåm trong töông lai hoaëc tröôùc moät haønh ñoäng khaùc trong töông lai : by the time (tröôùc khi, cho ñeán khi)by + ñieåm thôøi gian , by then (tröôùc ñoù) ..

-I’ll have finished my homework by the time I go out tonight.-They’ll have built that house by July next year.-When he retires next month , he will have taught for forty years.

1/ Nhöõng ñoäng töø traïng thaùi hoaëc nhaän thöùc tri giaùc thöôøng khoâng chia thì tieáp dieãn maø chia thì ñôn :

- be, look (coù veû), seem , feel , like , love , want , hate , have (coù) , see , hear , know , realize , understand , remember , forget , smell / taste / sound + adj

- Now we understand it . - I want to leave at the moment .

- I think you are right . (yù kieán , nhaän xeùt) - I am thinking about her . (haønh ñoäng)

2/ Hai hoaëc nhieàu haønh ñoäng trong quaù khöù xaûy ra cuøng luùc hoaëc noái tieáp nhau nhö laø moät chuoãi , thöôøng coù and hoaëc when chia thì Simple Past

- She stood up , turned off the light and went out. - When he came , she made tea.

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3/ Hai haønh ñoäng trong quaù khöù , haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn ra chia Past Continuous , haønh ñoäng chen vaøo , caét ngang chia Simple Past .Thöôøng coù when / as (khi) , while . Sau while thöôøng chia Past Continuous.

- Yesterday he came when we were having dinner.- While they were sitting in a cafeù , suddenly they saw an accident.

4/ Hai haønh ñoäng trong quaù khöù , haønh ñoäng xaûy ra tröôùc vaø hoaøn taát chia Past Perfect , haønh ñoäng xaûy ra sau chia Simple Past . Thöôøng coù before , after , when …… already ..

- When I came , she had already left. -After she had known the result , she called her parents.

5/ Hai haønh ñoäng keùo daøi song song trong quaù khöù , thöôøng coù While : chia Past Continuous

- Yesterday while we were studying our lesson , my mother was washing the dishes .

5/ Meänh ñeà traïng ngöõ chæ thôøi gian ( baét ñaàu baèng when , whenever , as , just as , as soon as , while , before , after , till , until , by the time , since , as long as / so long as ( mieãn laø) ) phaûi chia thì Simple Present ( hoaëc Present Perfect neáu muoán nhaán maïnh raèng haønh ñoäng ñoù thaät söï hoaøn taát ) neáu meänh ñeà chính chia Future hoaëc Present.

- Next week when I meet him , I will give him this book. - We are going to stay here until he finishes his exam.- Tomorrow she’ll have breakfast before she goes to school.- We will go as soon as you have finished your work tomorrow .

UNIT 3 A PARTY

TapescriptMai is my neighbour. She turned 16 recently and her parents held a

birthday party for her. I was one of those invited.18

The party began at about 3 in the afternoon. There were about 20 of us gathering in Mai’s house. She didn’t like having the party at a restaurant because it is noisy and expensive.

We gave presents to Mai and she happily opened them. It must really be exciting to receive all those presents. After that Mai’s mother served us soft drinks and biscuits. We then listened to music and played cards. The winners were given prizes. At about four thirty Mai’s mother brought out the birthday cake. It was beautifully candles sat in the middle of the cake. We all clapped our hands eagerly and sang “ Happy birthday” as she blew out the candles and cut the cake. We helped ourselves to slice of the delicious cake and sang all the songs that we knew.

Finally, at about six in the evening the party came to an end. We were all tired but happy. The parents of other children came to collect them by motorbikes. I helped Mai and her mother clean up the mess we had made. After that I walked home, which was only 3 doors away.

WRITINGWrite a letter of invitation

sample letter:17 Fountain Road

Canteberry

25th April, 2004 

Dear Jessy,

How are things gettting on with you? I am fine here.

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Since your family moved to Ipoh, things are not the same here. I really

enjoyed the things we did together.

Anyhow, the holidays are about to begin. Would you like to come over to my

house for a short stay? We could spend some time on the beach again,

swimming, catching crabs, etc. My parents say that they will be glad to see

you.

Do let me know whether you can make it or not.

I look forward to your reply.

Your friend,

Jack

LANGUAGE FOCUS

TO-INFINITIVE GERUND

ACTIVE FORM

PASSIVE FORM

ACTIVE FORM

PASSIVE FORM

TO -V TO BE + V-ED V -3

V- ING BEING+ V-ED +V-3

His colleagues started to respected Tom20

Kevin hoped to be selected by the team captainSmoking is bad for your healthI always remember being taken to the zoo by my grandfather.

INFINITIVE GERUND1. FULL INFINITIVE : (to –V) S + V1 + TO- V2 + ................

Ex: He wanted to go with me I hope to see you soon

S + V1 + O + TO – V2 +................Ex: She asked us to come back laterThey don’t allow that people to

smoke S + V1 + ADJ. + TO – V2 +...........

Ex: It’s easy to speak Spanish.Some of these questions are

difficult to answer It follows some abstract nouns

(desire, wish, way, place, reason, time) S + V1 + NOUN+ TO – V2 +.........

Ex: I mentioned my wish to work overseas

It’ll soon be time to go home It follows some common nouns,

or pronouns. The meaning is one of purpose S + V1 + NOUN/PRONOUN+ TO – V2 +....

Ex: Can I borrow something to eat? He came here (in order) to study

English. It follows superlative degree and

, the first/last / next /only / secondEx: Who was the first person to

walk on the moon? He’s the oldest athlete to win an

Olympic gold medal It follows too, or enough, S + V1 +TOO /ENOUGH+

(………) + TO – V +.......

a Functions It can be used as subject. V-ING +(…….) + V +................ Playing tennis is fun.: It can be used as object (of prepositions) S +V1 + (PREP) + V-ING +(…….) + .......-We enjoy playing tennis. He is excited about playing tennis. It can be used as complement after BE. S +BE+ V-ING +(…….) + .........One of my bad habits is bitting my nailsNotes: the form of a verb ending in –ing is sometimes called the gerund, the present participle, depending on whether it is used more like a verb or adjective or more like a noun.

Walking is good exercise. walking = a gerund, used as subj.Bob is playing tennis. playing = a present participle, used in the present continuous tenseI heard some surprising news. surprising = a present participle, used as an adjective.

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Ex: They gave us too much to eatI am strong enough to lift that box It replaces Relative clause Ex: We have got a lot of things

to do (which we must do) It follows a question word or a

phrase. (don’t use with “why’ S + V1 + WH-QUESTION +

TO – V2 +................Ex: No one told us where to meetI just don’t know what to say

UNIT 4 VOLUNTEER WORKTapescript

Spring School is an informal school. It provides classes to disadvantaged children in Ho Chi Minh City. Around 30 street children live and study at the school and about 250 children with special difficulties from District 1 regularly attend classes.

The Organisation for Education Development co – operated with Spring School to set up English classes in 1998. Dance, theatre, singing and circus classes were set up a year later. Children from these classes participate in fundraising performances. They raise money to continue their English and Performance Arts classes.

Spring School requires volunteers to help organise their fundraising dinner held annually in June. This is an exciting night in which children dance, sing and play music at one of the largest hotels in Ho Chi Minh City. They also need foreign volunteers to contact sponsors and help to expand the school activities. Volunteers are required from February until July to help organise these events.

It is hoped that more schools like Spring School will soon be found in other cities in Viet Nam.

TEST YOURSELF A

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I’ve known James for 25 years. We first me when he moved to my town. He went to a different school but we became friends because he lived next door to me. We’ve known each other since then, but we haven’t kept in touch all that time … we lost contact with each other when I moved to Scotland in the 1970s for my job … I didn’t go to James’ wedding but he came to mine … And now? Well, I’ve been living here in Brighton since 99, and these days I see James about once a week, usually in the park where I walk my dog, or in the pub for lunch with another friend that we’ve known for about the same length of time. We haven’t been doing that for very long but it’s good to go all of us together.

WRITING

Write a letter expressing gratitude

Dear Sir,I am very happy to receive a donation of 1,000,000 dong from your

company some days ago. The money will help us to build our school library. We’ll certainly issue a receipt as soon as possible.

I would like to express our thanks for the donation from your company and hope to get more assistance and cooperation from your company in the future.

I look forward to hearing from you soon. Your faithfully,

LANGUAGE FOCUSGERUND PRESENT

PARTICIPLEPERFECT GERUND

PERFECT PARTICIPLE

PARTICIPLE FORMSPresent

participlePast participle Perfect

participle

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Active V-ingV-ed / V3

Have V-ed / V 3Passive Being V-ed/ V3 Having been V-

ed / V 3

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PHRASE REPLACED MAIN CLAUSE :

a. When two actions having the same subject are close in time (hai haønh doäng coù cuøng Sub. , xaûy ra ñoàng thôøi , nguyeân nhaân hành động xảy ra trước Present participle (có theå ñöùng tröôùc hoaëc sau)

Walking all day long, I felt tired.Being a stranger, he didn’t know the wayOpening the drawer, he took out a gun. She went out, slamming the door.

b. When the second action is a part or a result of the first one ( hành động thứ hai là một phần hoặc là kết quả của hành động thứ nhất 1 ) hành động thứ 2 Present participle

She went out, slamming the doorc. Replacing adverb clauses of time, reason and cause

Walking along (when I was walking) a long the street, I saw an accident

Putting (After he had put) down his newspaper, he went out Being (As she is) the youngest child, Natasha is her father’s favouriteThe fan queued for hours, hoping (because they hoped) to get tickets

d. Replacing relative pronoun + verb Boys attending (who attend) this school have to wear uniformsTHE PAST PARTICIPLE (QUAÙ KHÖÙ PHAÂN TÖØ) 1. To form the perfect tenses : Have + V-ed / V 32. To form passive patterns: Be + V-ed/ V 33. As an adjective (passive meaning)

The little girt was frightened./The stolen money was found4. Replacing Relative pronoun +passive verbThe question asked (which was asked) by our teacher was very difficult5. In causative patterns (caàu khieán):

S + have / got + O + Past participle + by OShe had her new dress made. / I wanted my eggs fried

6. After conjunctions: when, if, although, while, onceYou should wear gloves when using detergents. / If untreated, she will die soon.

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THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE ( PHAÂN TÖØ HOØAN THAØNH ) To emphasize the first action finished before the second one.

Having done his lesson, he went out to play football (after he had done................)

Having lost my passport, I have to apply for a new one.Note: Singing his song, he ran out the house. (vöøa chaïy vöøa haùt)

Having sung his song, he ran out of the house (khi haùt xong, anh ta chaïy ra)

UNIT 5LANGUAGE FOCUS

THE REPORTED SPEECHDirect speech Indirect speech

Simple Present

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Simple Past

Past Continuous

Simple Future

Past Perfect

Perfect Conditional

Simple Past

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Future in the past (would + V1)

Past Perfect

Perfect Conditional (would +

have + V3)

Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time and place change as follows:

Direct speech Indirect speech

This / these That / those

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Here

Ago

Now

Today

Tonight

Yesterday

The day before yesterday

Tomorrow

The day after tomorrow

Next week / year / month

Last week / year

There

Before

Then

That day

That night

The day before (the previous day)

Two days before

The next day / the following day/ the day

after

In two days’ time

The next (following)week / year / month

The week / year before

1.STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH

Ex1. : He said, “We have finished our work tomorrow.’

Ex2: She said to her daughter,” You have to decide what you want to do.”

Tom said, “I’m going away for a few days and will phone you when I get

back , Jessie.”

2.QUESTIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH

WH-QUESTIONS YES-NO QUESTIONS

1.Bill said to me ,”What time will he go tomorrow?”

1.Are you going to leave next week?” said my friend.

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2. Mr. Smith said to me, ”Where are you going on your vacation ?”

3. I said to him ,”Where did you put it ?”

2.My mother said,”Have you done your homework?”

3. My wife asked me,”Can you tell me why you are so sad?”

3. COMMANDS, REQUESTS , INVITATIONS AND ADVICE IN REPORTED SPEECH

1. “ Listen carefully”, he said to us.

2. Ann said to him ,”Don’t wait for me if I’m late.”

3. Mary’s father said ”Get up early and you can do more work.”

4. She said , ”Open this box for me, please.”

She suggested

5. “Cook it in butter”, Mrs. Brown said to her daughter.

Mrs. Brown advised

6. “ You stole my purse, boy.”

The old lady accused

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REPORTED SPEECH WITH INFINITIVES

Ex1: She told me, “ If I were you, I wouldn’t believe him” She advised me not to believe him

Ex2 She said, “ I am not going to walk” She refused to walk.

Verb + Obj.+ To-Inf. Verb + To- Inf.

advise

ask

beg

command

campel (thúc ép)

encourage

entreat (khẩn khoản)

expect

forbid

implore (van xin)

instruct

invite

order

persuade

agree

demand

guarantee

hope

offer

promise

propose (dư định)

swear(thề)

threaten

volunteer

vow (thề / tuyên thệ)

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recommend

remind

request

tell

urge

warn

UNIT 6 COMPETITIONSTapescriptTrang: What are you reading, Paul?Paul: The history of Boston Marathon. Trang: It sounds interesting. How often is it held?Paul: Every year, in the USA.Trang: When did it begin?Paul: In 1897. And the same year, John Mc Dermott won the first Boston

Athletic Association Marathon.Trang: Who was John Mc Dermott? Where did he come from?Paul: He was the first man who won the first Boston Marathon in the

USA. He came from New York.Trang: How long did it take him to reach the finish?Paul: He clocked 2 hours 50 minutes and 10 seconds.Trang: Did women have right to participate in long distance running? Paul: Yes. But not until 1967 women were formally accepted to take part

in the Boston races. And a few year later, Kuscsik became the first official champion.

Trang: When did she win the race?Paul: In 1972. At that time there were 8 women starting the race and all 8

finished.Trang: Is the race held for only Ameriacan people?

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Paul: No. Each year more runners from every part of the world join the Boston Marathon. In 1984 there were 6164 runners from 34 different countries running in the marathon.

Trang: What are the rules of the Boston Marathon?Paul: The Boston race is about 42 kilometres. Runners have to go

through 13 towns during the race. It ends in the centre of Boston.Trang: Oh …! That’s great. Thanks a lot, Paul.

TEST YOURSELF B

In the 776 BC the Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the Greeks chief god, Zeus. The Greeks emphasized physical fitness and strenght in their education of youth. Therefore, contests in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing, boxing and horse chariot racing were held in individual cities, and the winners completed every four years at Mount Olympus. Winner were greatly honored by having olive wreaths placed on their heads and poems were sung about their deeds. Originally, these were held as games of friendship, and any wars in progress were halted to allow the games to take place.

The Greeks attacked so much importance to these games that they calculated time in four year cycles called “Olympiad” dating from 776 BC.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUNDSEx 1: Why don’t we share the cost?”, she said

She suggested sharing the cost.

Ex 2: Tom said, “ I am sorry I messed up the arrangement”

Tom apologized for messing up the arrangement

Ex 3: “ It was your fault. You didn’t tell us”, she told me

She blamed me for not telling them.

Verb + that

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Verb + V-ing. Verb + Obj.+ Prep+ V-ing clause

accuse of

admit

advise

apologise (to s.o) for

deny

insist on

mention

propose (=suggest)

recommend

report

suggest

dream of

accuse……of

congratulate (s.o)….on

forgive….for

prevent…..from

stop…..from

suspect…..of (ngờ vực)

thank (s.o) …..for

warn…..against

admit

advise

agree

insist

promise

remind

suggest

warn

UNIT 7 WORLD POPULATIONTapescript

Interviewer: Good evening ladies and gentlemen. In our program tonight we are honoured to have Dr. Brown, a world – famous population expert. Dr. Brown, could you tell the audience something about the world population?

Expert: Well, there are over 6,700 million people in the world today, and the total is increasing at the rate of about 76 million a year. Experts at the United Nations calculated that the population of the world could be over 7 million by the year 2015.

Interviewer: Do all parts of the world have the same rate of population growth?

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Expert: No, they don’t. The population is growing more quickly in some parts of the world than others. Latin America ranks first, Africa ranks second, and Asia ranks third.

Interviewer: What is the main reason for the population explosion?Expert: Well, I think the main reason is a fall in death rates. This is due to

the improvement of public health services and medical care. Interviewer: I believe that the explosion of population has caused many

problems for the world. Is it right?Expert: Yes, it is. It has caused a lot of problems such as shortage of foods,

lack of hospitals and schools, illiteracy, and poor living standards.

Interviewer: Can you suggest some solutions to these problem?Expert: I think there are a number of solutions to the problems. The first is

to educate people and make them aware of the danger of having more children. The second is to provide safe, inexpensive birth – control methods. The third is to strictly implement a family planning policy. And the fourth is to exercise strict and fair reward and punishment policies.

Interviewer: Thank you very much for being with us tonight, Dr. Brown.Expert: You’re welcome.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (IF CLAUSES)A. A conditional clause is a type of Adverbial clause. The event

described in the main clause depends on the condition described in the conditional clause. Conditional clauses begin with: if; unless (= if……not); provided(that) (=if only); so long as (as long as); on condition that.(mieãn laø, vôùi ñieàu kieän laø); suppose; supposing (giaû söû nhö) ; in case (trong tröôøng hôïp) ; even if (ngay caû khi, duø cho)Ex: If you feel ill, take these pills

We will lost the game unless we try harderThis climb is safe provided (that) you are carefulSo long as the baby is fed, he seems very happyThe loan is offered on condition that it is repaid within 12

months. (formal)B. If –clause may be placed before or after the main clause.there are

three main types of conditional clauses:

TYPE IF -CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

EXAMPLE

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1. Future possible (Real)

If you take this medicine, you will feel betterIf it stops raining , we can go outIf you want to lose weight, you must go on a dietIf you are hungry, please help

yourselfIf I eat too much, I get fat.(this always happens)If my dog sees a stranger, it barks.

2. Present unreal(unreal in Present)

She would speak E. better if she practised moreIf I were you, I would help himIf you tried again you would succeedIf you tried again you could succeedIf you tried again you might succeedIf I were on holiday, I would be touring Italy tooIf I wanted anything, I got itIf anyone interrupted him, he got angry

3. Past unreal(unreal in the past)

If he had studied hard,he would have passed his examsIf I had known she was sick,I would have visited herIf Tom had not been there, I would have been sitting in front

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4. Mixed conditional Type 2 (simple

past)

Type 3 (had + pp)

Type 3( would have +pp)

Type 2 (would + bare-inf.)

Tom is not a good student. He did not study for the test yesterday

If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test

I did not eat breakfast this morning, so I’m hungry nowIf I had eaten breakfast this morning, I wouldn’t be hungry now

General notes on the conditional sentences1. IF may be omitted and WERE, HAD, or SHOULD is placed before the subject in the present unreal and past unreal conditions. This inversion of sub. and verb is used either for emphasis or for some literary purpose.(ta coù theå boû “IF”ôû If-clause baèng caùch ñaûo ngöõ, chæ ñaûo ngöõ khi sau chuû ngöõ laø WERE / HAD /SHOULDEx: Should anyone call, ask him to leave a message. (If anyone

should call,................)Had I known she was sick, I should have visited her. (If I had

known,................)Were I you, I would help her. (If she were to see................Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed

it. (In the negative, “NOT”follows subject)2. UNLESS = IF................NOT(chuù yù sau unless la caâu xaùc ñònh)

IF + S + aux. + NOT = UNLESS + S + VERB Ex: if it is not cold, we we’ll go swimming

Unless it is cold, we we’ll go swimmingIf I have time, I will help you Unless I have time, I won’t

help youIf I won a big lottery, I would buy a big house unless I won

a big lottery, I wouldn’t buy a big house

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(Ñoåi caâu töø IF sang UNLESS, löu yù: if……not sang unless main clause khoâng ñoåi; if sang unless main clause ñoåi sang phuû ñònh)3. WISH/ IF ONLYWish and ‘If only’ are both used to talk about regrets – things that we would like to change either about the past or the present.

Talking about the presentIf only I didn’t have so much homework I could go to the concert tonight. She has a lot of homework and she can’t go to the concert.

I wish you didn’t live so far away.I wish I knew what to do.

When we talk about present regrets, both wish and if only are followed by the past simple tense. The past tense emphasises that we are talking about something ‘unreal’.

Talking about the pastI wish I’d studied harder when I was at school. He didn’t study

harder when he was at school.I wish I hadn’t eaten all that chocolate. I feel sick.If only I’d known you were coming.

Both wish and if only are followed by the past perfect tense when we talk about past regrets.

Wish/if only and wouldWe use wish + would to talk about something in the present that we would like to change – usually something that we find annoying.

I wish you wouldn’t borrow my clothes without asking.I wish it would rain. The garden really needs some water.I wish you’d give up smoking. it’s really bad for you.

CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH1.“If you pass your test, I will buy you a car”, he said=> He told me if I passed my test, he would buy me a car.2.“If I were King you would be Queen”, he said to his wife.=> He told his wife if he were King, she would be Queen.3.“If I’d had my mobile yesterday, I could have contacted you.” Matthew

said.

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=> Matthew told me if he had had my mobile the day before, he could have contacted me.

Notes: 1. Conditional type 1: we apply all the necessary changes as usual : changes of verb tenses, pronouns, adverbs of time and place2. Conditional type 2 and 3 : we don’t change the verb tenses, but we follow the rules to change pronouns, adverbs of time and place.

UNIT 8 CELEBRATIONSTapescript

Lan: You lived in Japan for more than two years, could you tell me something about Japanese New Year, Mai? When is the New Year observed?

Mai: It’s on 1 January, and it lasts three days through 3 January.Lan: Do people do the same things as we do in Vietnam?Mai: Well, there are some similarities and also some differences.Lan: Please, tell me about them.Mai: The preparations begin a few days before the New Year when

housewives start cooking special food for New Year’s Day.Lan: Do they clean and decorate their houses?Mai: Sure, they do. On the New Year’s Eve every household do a big

cleaning up. The idea is to get rid of the dirt of the past year and welcome the new one.

Lan: Do they decorate the house with trees and flowers?Mai: Yes, they usually decorate their houses with some small pine trees

both sides of the door, which represent longevity and constancy. People also exchange cards and gifts.

Lan: I see. And what do they usually do on the New Year’s Eve?Mai: Family members sit round and start watching the national singing

contest on television. But the last notes must be sung before midnight. Then television or radio will broadcast 108 bells. As soon as the 108th bell is rung, people all say “ Happy New Year”

Lan: What do they usually do next?Mai: Some families put on special kimonos or dress to visit their shrine.

Then they come home and eat their special New Year Day’s food and drink a lot of rice wine. New Year’s Day is mostly celebrated among family only.

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LANGUAGE FOCUS

I. ONE, ONES If you want a ticket, I can get one for you.

Do you like these shirts? - No, I like the ones on.the,left.

She needed a little money, so I lent him some.

We can use "one" instead of repeating a _______ ________noun,

and'"ones" instead of repeating a __ ______________noun

We don't use "one, ones" instead of an' ________________ noun.

II. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Person Thing

someone somebody something

anyone anybody anything

no one nobody nothing

everyone everybody everything

Ex: Someone left their umbrella in the office.

I opened the door but there was no one at home.

It was a very clear day. We could see everything.

Some- Any -

1. Generally in positive sentences:

- There is someone in the room.

- I'm hungry. I want something to eat.

1. Generally in negative sentences:

- There is not anyone in the room.

- He's lazy. He never does anything.

* In sentences that have negative

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2. In questions, when we think that the person or the thing exists:

- Are you waiting for somebody? (I think you are waiting for somebody)

3. When we offer or ask for things:

- Would you like something to eat?

meaning:

- She went out without anything.

- Hardly anyone came.

- He refused to eat anything.

2. "anyone" any person at all; it does not matter who:

"anything" any thing at all; it does not matter which:

- Anyone can see that it's wrong.

- I'm so hungry that I can eat anything.

- The exercises are so simple that almost anyone can do them.

3. If + anyone / anything:

- If anyone has any questions, I'll be pleased to answer them.

4. In most questions, when we don't know if the person or the thing exists:

-1 can't find my bag. Has anybody seen it? -Is there anybody here?

* Indefinite pronoun +_____________________verb:

Nothing ever happens in this town. If everyone is ready, I'll begin.

* When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun of person, we normally use " ___________ ___________”:

Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.

Someone left their umbrella in the office.

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No one likes snakes, do they?

* When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun of thing, we normally use "_____________”

Everything here has .its own box. Something is wrong, isn't it?

EXERCISES1. The exam was really difficult. ___________ passed, -A. someone B. anyone C. no one D. everyone2. - What do you want to eat? - ___________-_. : I don't mind. Whatever you have.A. something B. anything C. no thing D. everything3. - Paul: Hike these watches. -Ted: Which ___________ ?- Paul: The silver ___________- Ted: I like this___________ instead.A. one / one / one B. one / ones / ones C. ones / one / one ?" D. ones / ones / one4. "Can I ask you _____________?”" Sure. What do you want to ask?" A. something B. anything C. no thing D. everything5. Nobody phoned, did ___________?A. they B. she C. he D. it6. Everybody___ their own ideas about the best way to bring up children.A. has B. have C. is D. are7. I’m going out now. If ___________ phones while I'm out, can you tell them I'll be back at 11.30?A. someone B. anyone C. no one D. everyone8. There are many excellent food markets in town but the main__ is near the port.A. something B. nothing C. one D. ones 9. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost ___________?A. something B. anything C. no thing D. everything10. ___________ scares him. He's very brave.A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything

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