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Nuclear on Natural Resources
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Hukum Sumber Daya
AlamNuklir
Pasca PD IINuclear - cheap
energy?IAEA
(1965)
UN GA (1977)Every state had the right to use it and have access to the technology
Nuclear energy for peaceful purposes
Int'l cooperation -- NUCLEAR LAW
To protect workers
To protect public
To protect environment
To provide equitable
compensation
OPEC raised the price of oil
in 1973
Expansion in nuclear energy
production
Long term health &
environmental consequences
Liability & state
responsibility
National & international on nuclear facilities
Nuclear accidents
London Conv. 1972
Stockholm Conf. 1972
NUCLEARReduce on fossil fuels & reduce global
warmingStronger int'l regulation & cooperation
Perjanjian Internasional
Pada awalnya hanya mengatur tanggung jawab & ganti rugi dalam hal nuclear damage
Perkembangan setelah peristiwa Chernobyl (1986) ~ early notification and assistance
Organisasi Internasional
International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA)
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD)
Tanggung Jawab & Ganti Rugi
Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the
Field of Nuclear Energy 1960
Dilengkapi dengan Brussels Convention 1963
Kedua instrumen telah diamandemen melalui Additional Protocols tahun 1964 dan 1982
Berlaku secara regional
Beberapa ketentuan penting dalam rejim
Paris/ Brussels
‘Chanelling liability’ dan ‘Limiting liability’
Chanelling ~ pemulihan kerugian akibat aktivitas nuklirLimiting ~ memastikan risiko yang dapat dihitung dan dapat diasuransikan
Operator instalasi nuklir bertanggung jawab atas
kerugian terhadap nyawa & barang
yang ditimbulkan oleh kecelakaan nuklir atau
transportasi bahan-bahan nuklir
Tanggung jawab mutlak dan eksklusif (strictly &
exclusively liable)
Jaminan keuangan (financial security)
Kesulitan dalam hal ganti rugi atas aktivitas nuklir
rutinProving causationThreshold of harmBasic limitation period (10 tahun)
Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage
1963
‘absolute & exclusive liability’ dari operator‘insurance & financial security’
Untuk melengkapi konvensi tersebut, telah disahkan :
Convention on Supplementary
Compensation for Nuclear Damage dan Protocol to
Amend the 1963 Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, 1997
Secara umum ~ rejim regional maupun global
tentang nuklir
Tanggung jawab dibebankan pada operator
No-fault liability
Tanggung jawab terbatas dalam hal jumlah dan waktu
Adanya mekanisme asuransi atau jaminan keuangan
Jurisdiksi dimiliki oleh pengadilan Negara pihak tempat terjadinya insiden nuklir
Non-diskriminasi terhadap korban
Notification, Assistance & Safety
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident & Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or
Radiological Emergency 1986
Kewajiban Negara peserta untuk menginformasikan segera melalui IAEA mengenai Negara-negara yang mungkin akan terkena dampak ‘transboundary releases of radiological safety significance’
Mengatur kerja sama antar Negara dan IAEA dalam hal terjadi kecelakaan nuklir atau radiological emergency
Mendorong mekanisme pengaturan di tingkat bilateral maupun multilateral
Nuclear Safety Convention,
1994
Mengatur standar :
‘siting, design, construction and the operation of nuclear installations’
‘adequacy of human & financial resources’
‘assessment & verification of safety’
‘quality assurance’
‘emergency preparedness’
Nuclear use location