Hec policy analysis

Policy Analysis

“Policy Analysis is an applied social science discipline

which uses multiple methods of inquiry and argument

to produce and transform policy relevant information

that may be utilized in political settings to resolve

policy problems”Public Policy Analysis by William N Dunn

Policy Analysis

“Policy Analysis is a Rational Decision

Making Approach to Social and

Economic problems”Policy Analysis for Effective Development

Policy Analysis

“... Any type of analysis that generates and presents

information in such a way as to improve the basis for policy

makers to exercise their judgment… in policy analysis ,

word analysis implies the use of intuition and judgment ,

design and synthesis of new alternatives… some policy

analysis are informal involves nothing more than hard and

careful thinking whereas other require extensive data

gathering and elaborate calculations…”

E S Quade

Policy Analysis

Policy analysis; an Applied Social Science

Discipline

• Policy analysis draws from a variety of social science

discipline

• Policy analyst produce information about three kind of

questions;

• Values

• Facts

• Actions

Policy Analysis

Approaches to Policy Analysis

Approach Primary Question Type of Information

Empirical Does it exist? (facts) Designative

Evaluative Of what worth is it? (values)

Evaluative

Normative What should be done? (action)

Advocative

Policy Analysis in

Perspectives

Policy Analysis

Policy Analysis in PerspectiveMajor Objectives Client Common Style Time Constraints General

Weakness

Academic social

science research

construct theories for understanding society

Other scholars Rigorous methods for constructing and testing theories, retrospectives

Rarely external time constraints

Often irrelevant to information needs of decision makers

Policy Research

Predict impacts of changes in variables that can be altered by public policy

Actors in policy arena

Application of formal methodology to policy relevant questions

Sometimes deadline pressure

Difficulty in translating findings in to government actions

Classical planning

Defining and achieving the desirable future state of society

Public interest as professionally defined

Established rules and professional norms

Little immediate time pressure because deal with long term future

Wishful thinking in plans when political process ignored

The old PA Efficient execution of programs established by political processes

Public interest as embodied in mandated program

Managerial and legal Time pressure tied to routine decision making

Exclusion of alternatives external to program

Journalism Focusing public attention to societal problems

General public Descriptive Strong deadline pressure

Lack of analytical depth and balance

Policy Analysis

Systematic comparison and evaluation of alternatives available to public actors for serving social problems

Specific person or institution as decision maker

Synthesis of existing research and theory to predict consequences of alternative policies

Strong deadline pressure-completion of analysis is tied to specific decision

Myopia resulting from client orientation and time pressure

3 elements of Policy System

Policy Analysis

Policy Stakeholders

Policy Environment

Public Policies

Basic Preparation for Policy Analysis

i. Know how to gather and organize information

ii. Putting perceived social problem in context

iii. Need for technical skills

iv. Understanding of political and organizational behavior

Policy Analysis

Ethical Code/ Ethos

• Protection of human rights and dignity

• Analytical integrity

• Misrepresentation of results

• Maintain confidentiality

• Honesty

Policy Analysis

Models for Policy Analysis

1.Process Model

2.Rational Model

Policy Analysis

Process Model

• Identification of a problem.

• Formulation of policy proposals by various parties.

• Selection and enactment of policy.

• Implementation.

• Evaluation.

Policy Analysis

“We can make public policymaking easier to

understand by breaking the system into parts

small enough to study. By understanding the

pieces, it is easier to understand the whole”

Jerri Cockrel --- “Public Policymaking in America”

Policy Analysis

Rational Model

1. Verify, define and detail the problem.

2. Establish evaluation criteria.

3. Identify alternative policies.

4. Evaluate and compare alternative policies.

5. Select the best policy among the alternatives considered.

6. Monitor and evaluate the proposed policy.

Policy Analysis

Rational Model


“The uncreative mind can spot wrong answers, but

it takes a creative mind to spot wrong questions”

Antony Jay --- Management & Machiavelli

Policy Analysis

Rational Model


• Efficiency

• Cost

• Net benefit

• Equity

Policy Analysis

• Extent of uncertainty

• Political acceptability

• Administrative ease

• Legal issues

Rational Model


Policy Analysis

Rational Model


• Scenario table

• Objective analysis

Policy Analysis

Rational Model

5. Select the best policy among the alternatives

considered.

Policy Analysis

Rational Model


Policy Analysis

Rational Model





5. Select the best policy among the alternatives considered.


Policy Analysis

HIGHER EDUCATION

COMMISSION

Formation of HEC

• On 11th September 2002, the President of Pakistan

promulgated a Higher Education Ordinance

• The aim of HEC was that, it should be a central body that

would facilitate quality assurance of higher education in both

the public and private sectors

• Link funding by the federal government

Functions of HEC

• Evaluation of performance of institution

• Formulate policies, guiding principles and priorities for higher

education institutes

• Prescribe conditions under which educational institutions may be

opened and operated

• Determine the equivalence and recognition of degrees, diplomas

and certificates awarded by institutes with in and outside the

country

• Provide guidelines for the minimum criteria and qualification

for appointment, promotion and salary structure of teachers of

all institutions

• Curriculum revision

• Make and promote national and international linkages

Functions of HEC

Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study

http://hec.gov.pk/

Rational Model


• HEC Devolution--- 18th Amendment

• Education

• 4th schedule --- Federal Legislative List


http://hec.gov.pk/

4th schedule --- Federal Legislative List--- Part I

• Article 17 : Education as respects Pakistani students in

foreign countries and foreign students in Pakistan.


http://hec.gov.pk/

4th schedule --- Federal Legislative List --- Part II

• Article 6 : All regulatory authorities established under a

Federal law.

• Article 7: National planning and national economic

coordination including planning and coordination of

scientific and technological research.


http://hec.gov.pk/

4th schedule --- Federal Legislative List --- Part II

• Article 11:Legal, medical and other professions.

• Article 12:Standards in institutions for higher education

and research, scientific and technical institutions.

• Article 13: Inter-provincial matters and co-ordination.


http://hec.gov.pk/

Rational Model

1.Verify, define and detail the problem.

• Problem : “Extent of Devolution”

• Stakeholders' Analysis


http://hec.gov.pk/

Stakeholders' Analysis


Stakeholders Influence Power Base

Students High Coercive Power / Nuisance Value

Teachers High Intellectual Power, Coercive Power

Universities High Students + Teachers

HEC Staff High Intellectual Power, Coercive Power

Politicians Moderate Interest Groups, (Vote Bank)

Donors High Authoritative Power

Rational Model2. Establish Evaluation Criteria

• Cost

• Net benefit

• Efficiency

• Equity

• Administrative Ease

• Legal issues

• Political Acceptability

• Extent of Uncertainty


Rational Model

3. Identify Alternative policies


Policy Option 1 Policy Option 2 Policy Option 3

Do Not Devolve(Status Quo)

Complete Devolution

Shared Function/Responsibilities

(Federal + Provincial)

HEC Ordinance 2002

Core Functions


Evaluation Criteria (Teachers)

Equivalence and recognition of

Degrees

Regulation

Linkages with foreign universities

Standard in institutions for Higher

Education

Funding

Degree Attestation

Curriculum

Evaluation Criteria for Universities

• Standard in institutions for Higher Education

Article 12:Standards in institutions for higher education and research, scientific

and technical institutions.

• Regulation

Article 6 : All regulatory authorities established under a Federal law.

• Linkages with foreign universities

Article 17 : Education as respects Pakistani students in foreign countries and

foreign students in Pakistan.


Rational Model

4. Evaluate and Compare

Alternative Policies


Scenario TablePolicy Option

1

Policy Option

2

Policy Option

3Status quo Completely devolve Share responsibilities

Attributes current status of HEC continues

All functions of HEC goes to the respective province’s Commission for Higher Standard Education

Provinces• Curriculum• Syllabus• Developing linkages• Attestation of degrees

Criteria under which institutions are opened

Federal• Standards of higher education • Equivalence and recognition of degrees• funding• Criteria for appointment, promotion and salary structure of teachers

Evaluation Criteria

Policy Option 1 (Status quo )

Policy Option 2

(Completely devolve)

Policy Option 3 (Share responsibilities)

Cost The current cost remain the same

Cost increases (administrative expenses)

Cost increase but comparatively less than option 2

Net benefit Remain same Low as compared to sharing High

Efficiency Remain same High level of efficiency Moderate level of efficiency

Administrative Ease

Remain same Not easy because entirely new structure need to be developed

Relatively easy to implement

Policy Option 1 (Status quo )

Policy Option 2

(Completely devolve)

Policy Option 3 (Share responsibilities)

Legal Issues Have to made amendment in constitution

None Face some legal issues

Political Acceptability

High level of acceptability

Low level of acceptability

High

Extent of Uncertainty

The policy option is certain

Highest level of uncertainty

Moderate level of uncertainty

Rational Model

5. Select the best policy among the

alternatives considered.


Policy Option 1 Policy Option 2 Policy Option 3

Do Not Devolve(Status Quo)

Complete Devolution

Shared Function/Responsibilities

(Federal + Provincial)

Rational Model


Formal + Informal


Conclusion

“ All political parties and stakeholders should

be consulted to develop a consensus in the

devolution of the Higher Education

Commission (HEC)”

Dawn News reported

Leadership & Management

Hec policy analysis