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Personality
What is Personality?
• Latin word ‘Persona’ or ‘Personnaire’
Meaning – Mask
• Personality is a persons charm, a positive attitude towards life, a smiling face, stylish or a happiest and friendliest behaviour.
• an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
• Personal characteristics that lead to consistent patterns of behavior.
• A collection of emotional, thought and behavioral patterns unique to a person that is consistent over time.
What is Personality?
Determinants of Personality
Determinants of personality
Biological factorsFamily &
Social factorsCultural factors Situational factors
1. Heredity
2. Brain
3. Physical features
1.Socialisation process(Behaviour from family & social group)
2. Identification process ( Selecting ideal person)
3. Home environment(Brought up)
4.Social Group.
1. Independence- Australia
2. Aggression- North Korea
3. Competition- India
4. Co-operation- Japan
1.Positive behaviour
2.Negative behaviour
Personality Attributes/Traits/Characteristics
Basic tendencies
Genetics
Physical characteristics
Cognitive capacities
Physiological drives
Focal vulnerabilities
Personality traits (5 factors)
Characteristic adaptations
Acquired competencies
Attitudes, beliefs, and goals
Learned behaviors
Interpersonal adaptations
A trait is a temporally stable, cross-situationalindividual difference.
Personality Attributes/Traits/Characteristics
Self-conceptImplicit & explicit views of selfSelf-esteemIdentityLife story, personal myth
Objective biographyOvert behaviorStream of of consciousnessLife course
External influencesDevelopmental influencesMacro environmentMicro environment
Personality Traits
UNSTABLE
STABLE
cholericmelancholic
phlegmatic sanguineINTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED
MoodyAnxious
RigidSober
PessimisticReserved
Unsociable
Quiet
SociableOutgoing
TalkativeResponsive
EasygoingLively
CarefreeLeadership
PassiveCareful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
ControlledReliable
Even-temperedCalm
TouchyRestless
AggressiveExcitableChangeable
ImpulsiveOptimistic
Active
Personality Traits Relevant to Organizations
Assess your personality…with the major personality attributes influencing OB
• Locus of control: internal…………………………….external
• Machiavellianism low……………………………………high
• Self-Esteem: low…………………………………….high
• Self-Monitoring low…………………………………….high
• Risk Taking low……………………………………..high
• Type A Personality “B”………………………………………”A”
Locus of Control
Externals – who believe that their lives is due to luck, chance or fate.
Internals – who believe that they are masters of their own fate.
Machiavellianism
• They are the people who are comfortable with getting more than they deserve and they believe that deceit is a natural way to achieve this goal.
Self-esteem: People differ in the degree to which they like or dislike themselves is called self-esteem.
High self-esteem Low self-esteem
a. Believe their ability to succeed and would take more risky jobs.
b. They take unpopular decisions.
a. They are susceptible to external influence.
b. They seek approval from others whom they respect and take decisions to please them.
Self-Monitoring: It refers to an individual’s level of sensitivity to the expressive behaviour of others.
Note: High self-monitors is capable of putting on different “FACES” for different audiences.
High self-monitors Low self-monitors
a. Can adjust their behavior quite easily to the situation.
b. They are good at social networking, interpersonal conversations and leading people.
a. Reveal more of their moods and personality characters. It is easy to predict their behaviour.
b. They are no good in these aspects.
Risk taking
High risk takers would take decisions on less/ lack of information whereas low risk takers seek complete information both quantitative and qualitative.
Type A and B
Type A Personality
•Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly.
•Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place.
•Strive to think or do two or more things at once.•Cannot cope with leisure time.
•Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B Personality
•Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience.
•Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation.
•Play for fun & relaxation, instead of exhibit their superiority at any cost.
Can relax without guilt.
Assessing Personality
Personality Perspectives
Four major perspectives on Personality
Psychoanalytic - unconscious
motivations
Trait - specific dimensions of personality
Humanistic - inner capacity for growth
Social-Cognitive - influence of
environment
Freud’s theory proposes that unconscious motivations influence personality
Freud’s theory - The Psychoanalytic Perspective psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the
unconscious Unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories.
person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
Id
Latin for “I am” contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic
energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive
drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding
immediate gratification
Superego
the part of personality that presents internalized ideals
provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Holland’s Personality Type
• Six personality types (RIASEC)– Realistic– Investigative– Artistic– Social– Enterprising– Conventional
• Related to career interests and vocational choices• Can match people and jobs on these types
Investigative
A
I
S
C
E
RRealis
tic
Artistic
Soci
al
Enterprising
Co
nve
nti
on
al
Occupational Personality TypesOccupational Personality Types
Holland’s Personality Type 1. Realistic – (Practical, Shy, Materialistic, Stable) Does what they thinks is right without affecting others.
2. Investigative – (Analytic, introverted, Curious, Precise, Independent) Always thinks and takes decision.
3. Social – (Sociable, Outgoing, Conscientious, Need for affiliation) Very friendly and accepts others decisions.
4. Conventional – (Dependable, Disciplined, Orderly, Efficient) Does what rules says [Doesn’t relaxes the rules for any purpose].
5. Enterprising – (Confident, Assertive, Energetic, Need for power) People having need for power and who can entertain others.
6. Artistic – (Creative, Impulsive, idealistic, Intuitive, Emotional) Creative always does some thing different.
Holland’s Personality-Job Fit Theory Type Personality Occupations
Realistic
Investigative
Social
Conventional
Enterprising
Artistic
Shy, Stable, Practical
Analytical, Independent
Sociable, Cooperative
Practical, Efficient
Ambitious, Energetic
Imaginative, Idealistic
Mechanic, Farmer,Assembly-Line Worker
Biologist, Economist,Mathematician
Social Worker,Teacher, Counselor
Accountant, ManagerBank Teller
Lawyer, Salesperson
Painter, Writer,Musician
Big 5 Personality Traits
- Goldberg, John and Wiggins)
Extraversion (Positive Affectivity)
• Personality trait that predisposes individuals to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and the world around them
• Sociable or retiring? Fun loving or sober? Affectionate or reserved?
Extraverts Introverts
Neuroticism (Negative Affectivity)
• Personality trait that reflects people’s tendency to experience negative emotional states, feel distressed, and generally view themselves and the world around them negatively
• calm or anxious? Secure or insecure? Self-satisfied or self-pitying?
High LowEmotional stability
Agreeableness
• Personality trait that captures the distinction between individuals who get along well with other people and those who do not
• Soft hearted or ruthless? Trusting or suspicious? Helpful or uncooperative?
High Low
Conscientiousness
• Personality trait that describes the extent to which an individual is careful, scrupulous, and persevering
• Organized or disorganized? Careful or careless Disciplined or impulsive?
High Low
Openness to Experience• Personality trait that captures the extent to
which an individual is – original, – open to a wide variety of stimuli, – has broad interests, and is – willing to take risks as opposed to being
narrow-minded and cautious
• Imaginative or practical? Prefer variety or routine? Independent or conforming?
Big 5 in Short…
Personality Factors Characters
1. Conscientiousness
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism
4. Openness
5. Extroversion
Careful, dependable and
self disciplined
Courteous, good natured, empathic and caring.
Poised, secure and calm.
Sensitive, flexible, creative and curious.
Outgoing and cautious.
MBTI
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung developed a theory early in the 20th century to describe basic individual preferences and explain similarities and differences between people
Main postulate of the theory: ‘People have inborn behavioral tendencies and preferences’
Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (mother-daughter team) expanded on Jung’s work
an indicator of personality type (i.e. innate preferences)
Innate Preferences
• Exercise:– Write your name
Overview
1. Self-Report Instrument
2. Nonjudgmental Instrument
3. Preference Indicator
4. Well Researched Instrument
5. Based on Jung’s Theory
6. Built for the “normal” population
MBTI
MBTI
Four Dimensions of Personality Type
• How we interact with the world and where we direct our energy
• The kind of information we naturally notice• How we make decisions• Whether we prefer to live in a more structured way or
a more spontaneous way
- Self Assessment Instrument
Extraversion IntroversionInterest Orientation
E IOuter world of
actions, objects, and people
Inner world of
ideas and concepts
E – I Dichotomy: Source of Energy• Most people who prefer
Extraversion– Prefer action over reflection
• May act quickly w/out thinking
– Are attuned to external environments
– Prefer to communicate by talking
– Learn best through doing or discussing
– Are sociable and expressive– Enjoy working in groups
• Most people who prefer Introversion
– Prefer reflection over action• May not take action at all
– Are attuned to inner world– Prefer to communicate in
writing– Learn best through thorough
mental practice and reflection
– Are private and contained– Enjoy working alone or in
pairs
Sensing iNtuitionPerception
S NImmediate reality and
direct experience
Inferred meanings
and relationships
S – N Dichotomy: Take in Information
• Most people who prefer Sensing
– Emphasize the pragmatic– Prefer facts & details/
specific information– Are oriented to present
realities– Value realism– Observe and remember
specifics through 5 senses– Build carefully and
thoroughly to conclusions– Trust experience
• Most people who prefer Intuition
– Emphasize the theoretical– Prefer general concepts/
high-level plans– Are oriented to future
possibilities– Value imagination– See trends and patterns in
specific data– Use a “sixth” sense– Move quickly to conclusions,
follow hunches– Trust inspiration
Thinking FeelingJudgment
T FReliability of logical order – cause and
effect
Priorities based on personal
importance and values
T – F Dichotomy: Decision Making• Most people who prefer
Thinking– Are analytical– Use cause-and-effect
reasoning – Solve problems with logic– Strive for objective standard
of truth– Described as reasonable– Search for flaws in an
argument– Fair – want everyone treated
equally
• Most people who prefer Feeling
– Empathetic– Guided by personal values– Assess impact of decisions
on people– Strive for harmony and
positive interactions– Described as compassionate– Search for point of
agreement in an argument– Fair – want everyone treated
as an individual
Judgment PerceptionEnvironment Orientation
J PJudging attitude – Control of
events and systematic planning
Spontaneity – Curious, awaiting
events and adapting to
them
J – P Dichotomy: Lifestyle• Most people who prefer
Judging– Are scheduled/organized– Strive to finish one
project before starting another
– Like to have things decided
• May decide things too quickly
– Try to avoid last-minute stresses; finish tasks well before deadline
– Try to limit surprises– See routines as effective
• Most people who prefer Perceiving– Are spontaneous/flexible– Start many projects but
may have trouble finishing them
– Like things loose and open to change
• May decide things too slowly
– Feel energized by last-minute pressures; finish tasks at the deadline
– Enjoy surprises– See routines as limiting
What’s your Type ???
Popular Myers-Briggs Type Indicator-16 types
ESTJ ISFJ ESFJ ISTP
ESTP ESFP ISFP ENTJ
INTJ ENTP INTP ENFJ
INFJ ENFP INFP ISTJ
Occupational Trends by Type
ISTJManagement
AdministrationLaw enforcement
Accounting
ISFJEducation
Health careReligious settings
INFJReligion
CounselingTeaching
Arts
INTJScientific or technical
fieldsComputers
Law
ISTPSkilled trades
Technical fieldsAgriculture
Law EnforcementMilitary
ISFPHealth care
BusinessLaw enforcement
INFPCounseling
WritingArts
INTPScientific or technical
fields
ESTPMarketing
Skilled tradesBusiness
Law enforcementApplied technology
ESFPHealth care
TeachingCoaching
Childcare workerSkilled trades
ENFPCounselingTeachingReligion
Arts
ENTPScience
ManagementTechnology
Arts
ESTJManagement
AdministrationLaw enforcement
ESFJEducation
Health careReligion
ENFJReligion
ArtsTeaching
ENTJManagementLeadership
The Humanistic Perspective
- - Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Maslow’s Self-Actualizing PersonPerson
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Behavior learned throughconditioning & observation
What we think about our situationaffects our behavior
Interaction ofEnvironment & Intellect
Ifthikar
• The maestro who created this
presentation on Personality