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1616thth AND 17 AND 17THTH CENTURY CENTURY POLITICAL MODELSPOLITICAL MODELS
AN OVERVIEWAN OVERVIEW
ABSOLUTISMABSOLUTISM
CHARACTERISTICS OF 17CHARACTERISTICS OF 17THTH CENTURY CENTURY ABSOLUTISMABSOLUTISM
APPEAL TO “APPEAL TO “DIVINE RIGHT”DIVINE RIGHT” TO RULE TO RULE SOVEREIGNTY RESTED WITH THE MONARCH SOVEREIGNTY RESTED WITH THE MONARCH
(NOT THE NOBILITY NOR PARLIAMENT)(NOT THE NOBILITY NOR PARLIAMENT) RULE BY ROYAL DECREE (EDICT)RULE BY ROYAL DECREE (EDICT) – NOT LAWS – NOT LAWS
PASSED BY PARLIAMENT PASSED BY PARLIAMENT ECONOMY WAS TO SERVE THE STATEECONOMY WAS TO SERVE THE STATE
((MERCANTILISM)MERCANTILISM)
LARGE STANDING ARMYLARGE STANDING ARMY (PROFESSIONAL AND FINANCED BY THE STATE) (PROFESSIONAL AND FINANCED BY THE STATE)
NOBILITY WITH PRIVILEGE BUT LITTLE IF NOBILITY WITH PRIVILEGE BUT LITTLE IF ANY REAL POLITICAL POWERANY REAL POLITICAL POWER CONTROLLED THE LANDCONTROLLED THE LAND OFTEN WERE TAX EXEMPTOFTEN WERE TAX EXEMPT
STATE BUREAUCRACIESSTATE BUREAUCRACIES RUN PRIMARILY RUN PRIMARILY BY MIDDLE CLASS GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS BY MIDDLE CLASS GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS APPOINTED BY THE STATE APPOINTED BY THE STATE
EXAMPLES OF 17EXAMPLES OF 17THTH CENTURY CENTURY ABSOLUTISMABSOLUTISM
FRANCE FRANCE (MODEL OF AN ABSOLUTE STATE)(MODEL OF AN ABSOLUTE STATE)
SPAINSPAIN ( HABSBURG RULE)( HABSBURG RULE)
RUSSIARUSSIA TSARIST RULE FOR NEARLY 1000 YEARSTSARIST RULE FOR NEARLY 1000 YEARS
PRUSSIAPRUSSIA NORTHERN REGION OF GERMANYNORTHERN REGION OF GERMANY
AUSTRIA (HUNGARY)AUSTRIA (HUNGARY) HABSBURG RULEHABSBURG RULE
PARTS OF EASTERN EUROPEPARTS OF EASTERN EUROPE
CONSTITUTIONALISMCONSTITUTIONALISM
CONSTITUTIONALISMCONSTITUTIONALISMMAJOR CHARACTERISTICSMAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
SOVEREIGNTYSOVEREIGNTY RESTED WITH THE RESTED WITH THE MONARCHY AND PARLIAMENTMONARCHY AND PARLIAMENT
LIMITED GOVERNMENT LIMITED GOVERNMENT (MONARCH WAS NOT ABOVE THE LAW)(MONARCH WAS NOT ABOVE THE LAW)
– –MAGNA CARTA- MAGNA CARTA- 1215-1215-
--ENLGISH BILL OF RIGHTS-ENLGISH BILL OF RIGHTS- ESTABLSIHED THE ESTABLSIHED THE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT – LATE 1600’S SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT – LATE 1600’S
GENERAL GENERAL REJECTION OF DIVINE RIGHTREJECTION OF DIVINE RIGHT TO TO RULERULE
NOBILITY RETAINED PRESTIGE, POWER, AND NOBILITY RETAINED PRESTIGE, POWER, AND PRIVILEGEPRIVILEGE NOBILITY WERE OFTEN MEMBERS OF NOBILITY WERE OFTEN MEMBERS OF
PARLIAMENT – ELECTEDPARLIAMENT – ELECTED – HELD LAND – HELD LAND PROFESSIONAL STATE FINANCED MILITARYPROFESSIONAL STATE FINANCED MILITARY
STANDING ARMY AND NAVY STANDING ARMY AND NAVY GOVERNMENT BY LAWGOVERNMENT BY LAW NOT ROYAL NOT ROYAL
DECREE – DECREE – ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT
EXPANDED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESEXPANDED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES (MORE INCLINED TOWARD CAPITALISM AND (MORE INCLINED TOWARD CAPITALISM AND
BUSINESSBUSINESS
EXAMPLES OF 17EXAMPLES OF 17THTH CENTURY CENTURY CONSTITUTIONALISMCONSTITUTIONALISM
ENGLANDENGLAND THE NETHERLANDSTHE NETHERLANDS
THE ROAD TO THE ROAD TO FRENCH FRENCH
ABSOLUTISMABSOLUTISM
THE HIERARCHY OF THE HIERARCHY OF FRENCH SOCIETY FRENCH SOCIETY
THE THREE ESTATESTHE THREE ESTATES
THE FIRST ESTATETHE FIRST ESTATETHE CLERGYTHE CLERGY
CHURCH OFFICIALSCHURCH OFFICIALS PRIESTSPRIESTS
THE SECOND ESTATETHE SECOND ESTATE THE NOBILITYTHE NOBILITY
LANDED ARISTOCRACYLANDED ARISTOCRACY THE THIRD ESTATETHE THIRD ESTATE EVERYONE ELSE (COMMONERS)EVERYONE ELSE (COMMONERS)
MIDDLE CLASSMIDDLE CLASS ARTISAN CLASSARTISAN CLASS PEASANTSPEASANTS
THE ESTATES-THE ESTATES-GENERALGENERAL
THE FRENCH PARLIAMENT THE FRENCH PARLIAMENT
REPRESENTATIVE BODYREPRESENTATIVE BODY
VERY LITTLE POLITICAL VERY LITTLE POLITICAL POWER IN FRANCE POWER IN FRANCE
HENRY IV (NAVARRE)HENRY IV (NAVARRE)MARRIED TO MARIE DE’MEDICI-MARRIED TO MARIE DE’MEDICI-
SISTER OF THE KING HENRY III (VALOIS) SISTER OF THE KING HENRY III (VALOIS)
IMPROVED THE FRENCH ECONOMYIMPROVED THE FRENCH ECONOMY LOWERED TAXES ON THE PEASANTSLOWERED TAXES ON THE PEASANTS
WORKED TO CURTAIL THE POWER OF THE WORKED TO CURTAIL THE POWER OF THE NOBILITY NOBILITY
PERCEIVED AS A THREAT TO THE KING’S PERCEIVED AS A THREAT TO THE KING’S POWER AND RULE POWER AND RULE
PROMOTED POLITICAL STABILITYPROMOTED POLITICAL STABILITY PROMOTED RELIGIOUS TOLERANCEPROMOTED RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE
ISSUED THE EDICT OF NANTESISSUED THE EDICT OF NANTES PROVIDED RELIGIOUS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES TO PROVIDED RELIGIOUS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES TO
FRENCH PROTESTANTS FRENCH PROTESTANTS MURDERED IN 1610 MURDERED IN 1610
In the News 2011In the News 2011 Henri IV was 57-years-old Henri IV was 57-years-old
when he was assassinated by when he was assassinated by a Catholic militant in 1610. a Catholic militant in 1610. He was buried alongside He was buried alongside France's other kings in the France's other kings in the Basilica of Saint Denis, Basilica of Saint Denis, outside Paris. French outside Paris. French revolutionaries dug up his revolutionaries dug up his body in 1793 but a mystery body in 1793 but a mystery admirer of "Good King Henri" admirer of "Good King Henri" managed to make off with his managed to make off with his head.head.
The head of King Henri IV of The head of King Henri IV of France, lost during the France, lost during the French Revolution was French Revolution was formally identified last year.formally identified last year.
Should be reunited with his Should be reunited with his body, the pretender to the body, the pretender to the throne of France has throne of France has demanded.demanded.
LOUIS XIII LOUIS XIII ruled- 1610-1642ruled- 1610-1642
LOUIS INHERITED THE THRONE AS A CHILDLOUIS INHERITED THE THRONE AS A CHILD
AFTER THE DEATH OF HIS FATHER AFTER THE DEATH OF HIS FATHER
LOUIS WAS MARRIED TO LOUIS WAS MARRIED TO ANNE OF AUSTRIAANNE OF AUSTRIA (HABSBURG) AT THE AGE OF 14(HABSBURG) AT THE AGE OF 14
LOUIS’ MOTHER AND CHIEF MINISTERS LOUIS’ MOTHER AND CHIEF MINISTERS RULED UNTIL HE ASSUMED POWER AT THE RULED UNTIL HE ASSUMED POWER AT THE AGE OF 15AGE OF 15
LOUIS FOLLOWED THE POLICIES OF HIS LOUIS FOLLOWED THE POLICIES OF HIS CHIEF MINISTER, CHIEF MINISTER, CARDINAL RICHELIEUCARDINAL RICHELIEU
INHERITED THE THRONE INHERITED THE THRONE AT THE AGE OF EIGHTAT THE AGE OF EIGHT
CARDINAL RICHELIEUCARDINAL RICHELIEU 1585-16421585-1642
THE POWER BEHIND THE THRONETHE POWER BEHIND THE THRONE
CHIEF ARCHITECHT OF FRENCH CHIEF ARCHITECHT OF FRENCH ABSOLUTISMABSOLUTISM
“WHERE THE INTERESTS OF THE STATE ARE “WHERE THE INTERESTS OF THE STATE ARE CONCERNED, GOD ABSOLVES ACTIONS WHICH, IF CONCERNED, GOD ABSOLVES ACTIONS WHICH, IF
PRIVATELY COMMITTED WOULD BE A CRIME.”PRIVATELY COMMITTED WOULD BE A CRIME.”
RAISON D’ETATRAISON D’ETAT
RICHELIEU’S POLICIESRICHELIEU’S POLICIES
BROKE THE POWER OF THE FRENCH BROKE THE POWER OF THE FRENCH NOBILITY NOBILITY PERCEIVED THREAT TO ROYAL AUTHORITY AND PERCEIVED THREAT TO ROYAL AUTHORITY AND
POLITICAL STABILITYPOLITICAL STABILITY ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHED THETHE INTENDANT INTENDANT SYSTEM SYSTEM
USED MIDDLE CLASS (AND SOME NEWER USED MIDDLE CLASS (AND SOME NEWER JUDICIAL NOBILITY) AS GOVERNMENT JUDICIAL NOBILITY) AS GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATORS ADMINISTRATORS
APPOINTED BY THE MONARCHY TO RUN THE APPOINTED BY THE MONARCHY TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT (BUREAUCRATS) GOVERNMENT (BUREAUCRATS)
THE FRENCH THE FRENCH NOBILITY CONTINUED TO NOBILITY CONTINUED TO CONTROL THE LANDCONTROL THE LAND AND WEALTH AND WEALTH IN FRANCE IN FRANCE BUT THEY EXERCISED LITTLE POLITICAL POWER BUT THEY EXERCISED LITTLE POLITICAL POWER
RICHELIEU’S POLICIESRICHELIEU’S POLICIES
RICHELIEU BEGAN TO RICHELIEU BEGAN TO WITHDRAW WITHDRAW RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL FREEDOMS IN RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL FREEDOMS IN FRANCE FRANCE
WITHDREW POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE OF THE WITHDREW POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE OF THE HUGUENOT REGIONS HUGUENOT REGIONS
HUGUENOT TOWNS COULD NO LONGER HUGUENOT TOWNS COULD NO LONGER MAINTAIN THEIR OWN MILITARY TO PROTECT MAINTAIN THEIR OWN MILITARY TO PROTECT THEIR RELIGIOUS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES THEIR RELIGIOUS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES
RICHELIEU’S POLICIESRICHELIEU’S POLICIES THE FRENCH THE FRENCH NOBILITY WERE EXEMPT FROM NOBILITY WERE EXEMPT FROM
ROYAL – STATE- TAXESROYAL – STATE- TAXES
THE GOVERNMENT RAISED MONEY BY SHARING THE GOVERNMENT RAISED MONEY BY SHARING TAX REVENUES WITH ARISTOCRATSTAX REVENUES WITH ARISTOCRATS IN POWER AT IN POWER AT THE LOCAL LEVEL THE LOCAL LEVEL LAND AND ESTATE TAXESLAND AND ESTATE TAXES
FRANCE SIDED WITH PROTESTANT FORCESFRANCE SIDED WITH PROTESTANT FORCES TO TO DEFEAT THE GERMAN HABSBURGS IN THE DEFEAT THE GERMAN HABSBURGS IN THE THIRTY THIRTY YEARS’ WARYEARS’ WAR
FRANCE EXTENED ITS CONTROL INTO THE ALSACE FRANCE EXTENED ITS CONTROL INTO THE ALSACE REGION BORDERING GERMANYREGION BORDERING GERMANY
JULES MAZARINJULES MAZARIN1602-16611602-1661
APPOINTED CHIEF APPOINTED CHIEF MINISTER AFTER MINISTER AFTER RICHELIEU’S DEATHRICHELIEU’S DEATH
CENTRALIZED CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND POLICIES AND ATTEMPTED TO RAISE ATTEMPTED TO RAISE
TAXESTAXES
MAZARIN’S ATTEMPT TO RAISE ROYAL MAZARIN’S ATTEMPT TO RAISE ROYAL REVENUES LED TO REVENUES LED TO THE THE FRONDE FRONDE REVOLT REVOLT
THE FRODE WAS A SERIES OF THE FRODE WAS A SERIES OF CIVIL CIVIL UPRISINGSUPRISINGS AGAINST THE MONARCHY AND AGAINST THE MONARCHY AND THE GOVERNMENTTHE GOVERNMENT
THE REVOLT CAUSED THE MONARCHY TO THE REVOLT CAUSED THE MONARCHY TO
INCREASINGLY DISTRUST OF THE INCREASINGLY DISTRUST OF THE NOBILITY AND THE PEOPLENOBILITY AND THE PEOPLE
LOUIS XIV LOUIS XIV ruled- 1643-1715ruled- 1643-1715THE SUN KINGTHE SUN KING
“L’etate c’est moi!”“L’etate c’est moi!”
LOUIS XIVLOUIS XIVlongest reigning monarch in European historylongest reigning monarch in European history
LOUIS CAME TO THE THRONE AT THE AGE OF 5LOUIS CAME TO THE THRONE AT THE AGE OF 5
ASSUMED FULL POWER AT THE AGE OF 18ASSUMED FULL POWER AT THE AGE OF 18
LOUIS WAS A DEVOUT CATHOLICLOUIS WAS A DEVOUT CATHOLIC MARRIED TO MARRIED TO MARIE THERESAMARIE THERESA
––DAUGHTER OF THE KING OF SPAIN DAUGHTER OF THE KING OF SPAIN -THE MARRIAGE WAS PART OF A TREATY -THE MARRIAGE WAS PART OF A TREATY
AGREEMENT WITH SPAIN OVER ITS BORDER AGREEMENT WITH SPAIN OVER ITS BORDER WITH FRANCEWITH FRANCE
LOUIS STRONGLY BELIEVED IN LOUIS STRONGLY BELIEVED IN DIVINE DIVINE RIGHT RULERIGHT RULE
FEARED THE NOBILITYAND THE MASSES FEARED THE NOBILITYAND THE MASSES THE THE FRONDE FRONDE HAD FREIGHTENED LOUIS AS A BOYHAD FREIGHTENED LOUIS AS A BOY
SOUGHT TO SOUGHT TO CENTRALIZE POWER AND CENTRALIZE POWER AND COMPLETELY CONTROL THE NOBILITYCOMPLETELY CONTROL THE NOBILITY AND ANY OPPOSITION TO THE MONARCHYAND ANY OPPOSITION TO THE MONARCHY
LOUIS MARRIES MARIA THERESA OF SPAINLOUIS MARRIES MARIA THERESA OF SPAIN
PALACE OF VERSAILLESPALACE OF VERSAILLESROYAL RESIDENCE OUTSIDE OF PARISROYAL RESIDENCE OUTSIDE OF PARIS
THE NOBILITY WERE REQUIRED TO COME TO VERSAILLES THE NOBILITY WERE REQUIRED TO COME TO VERSAILLES FOR SIX MONTHS OF THE YEARFOR SIX MONTHS OF THE YEAR
The King’s Bedroom The King’s Bedroom
The Queen’s Bedroom The Queen’s Bedroom
HALL OF MIRRORSHALL OF MIRRORS
LOUIS’ PHILOSOPHYLOUIS’ PHILOSOPHY
ONE KINGONE KING ONE FAITHONE FAITH ONE LAWONE LAW
““L’etate c’est moi”L’etate c’est moi” - I am the state - I am the state
LOUIS’ POLICIESLOUIS’ POLICIES
CENTRALIZED THE FRENCH STATE CENTRALIZED THE FRENCH STATE AROUND THE MONARCHY AROUND THE MONARCHY
EXPANDED THE PROFESSIONAL CLASS EXPANDED THE PROFESSIONAL CLASS IntendantsIntendants MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASS GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALSOFFICIALS bureaucrats (included minor nobility) bureaucrats (included minor nobility)
FRANCE FOLLOWED MERCANTILIST FRANCE FOLLOWED MERCANTILIST ECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMIC POLICIES THAT SERVED THE THAT SERVED THE STATE STATE (Colbert- Louis’ finance minister)(Colbert- Louis’ finance minister)
HEAVY TAXATIONHEAVY TAXATION – – TAX EXEMPT NOBILITYTAX EXEMPT NOBILITY The tax burden fell on the Third The tax burden fell on the Third
Estate Estate commoners and peasant classcommoners and peasant class
THE BAROQUE STYLETHE BAROQUE STYLE WAS USED WAS USED TO INSPIRE AND AWE THE PEOPLE TO INSPIRE AND AWE THE PEOPLE Enhance the grandeur of monarchy Enhance the grandeur of monarchy Art, music, architecture Art, music, architecture
FRENCH EXPANSIONFRENCH EXPANSION THROUGH THROUGH WARWAR AND MILITARY AND MILITARY CONQUESTCONQUEST
LOUIS UNIFIED FRANCE LOUIS UNIFIED FRANCE RELIGIOUSLY UNDER RELIGIOUSLY UNDER CATHOLICISMCATHOLICISM REVOKED THE EDICT OF REVOKED THE EDICT OF
NANTESNANTES
LOUIS’ WARSLOUIS’ WARS
LOUIS KEPT FRANCE AT WAR FOR 33 LOUIS KEPT FRANCE AT WAR FOR 33 YEARS OUT OF HIS 54 YEAR REIGNYEARS OUT OF HIS 54 YEAR REIGN
LOUIS OFTEN COMMANDED THE ARMY LOUIS OFTEN COMMANDED THE ARMY HIMSELFHIMSELF
WARS WERE WARS WERE EXTREMELY EXPENSIVEEXTREMELY EXPENSIVE FOR FOR FRANCEFRANCE
FRANCE ASSUMED FRANCE ASSUMED TREMEMDOUS WAR TREMEMDOUS WAR DEBTDEBT WITH NO WAY TO GENERATE THE WITH NO WAY TO GENERATE THE FUNDS NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE STATEFUNDS NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE STATE
THE WAR OF THE SPANISH THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (1701-1713)SUCCESSION (1701-1713)
WHEN THE WHEN THE LAST SPANISH HABSBURGLAST SPANISH HABSBURG MONARCH MONARCH DIED HE LEFT NO HEIR TO THE THRONE (DIED HE LEFT NO HEIR TO THE THRONE (CHARLES CHARLES II)II)
CHARLES’ WILL LEFT SPAIN AND ITS COLONIES TO CHARLES’ WILL LEFT SPAIN AND ITS COLONIES TO PHILIP OF ANGOUPHILIP OF ANGOU (LOUIS’ GRANDSON) (LOUIS’ GRANDSON) LOUIS’S WIFE, QUEEN MARIA TERESA WAS CHARLES’ LOUIS’S WIFE, QUEEN MARIA TERESA WAS CHARLES’
SISTER SISTER
LOUIS XIV LAID CLAIM TO THE SPANISH CROWN LOUIS XIV LAID CLAIM TO THE SPANISH CROWN THROUGH HIS GRANDSON THROUGH HIS GRANDSON THIS WAS A VIOLATION OF A PREVIOUS AGREEMENT THIS WAS A VIOLATION OF A PREVIOUS AGREEMENT
BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR
Charles II of Spain- Last Charles II of Spain- Last Spanish HabsburgSpanish Habsburg
Philip of AngouPhilip of AngouFirst Bourbon monarch of First Bourbon monarch of
SpainSpain
War of the Spanish War of the Spanish SuccessionSuccession
ENGLAND, THE NETHERLANDS, AUSTRIA, ENGLAND, THE NETHERLANDS, AUSTRIA, AND PRUSSIA OPPOSED FRANCE AND ITS AND PRUSSIA OPPOSED FRANCE AND ITS MOVE TO EXPAND ITS POWERMOVE TO EXPAND ITS POWER
THE WAR WAS FOUGHT TO PRESERVE THE THE WAR WAS FOUGHT TO PRESERVE THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPEBALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE
THE WAR ENDED WITH THE PEACE OF THE WAR ENDED WITH THE PEACE OF UTRECHTUTRECHT (1713) (1713) FORBID THE UNION OF FRANCE AND SPAINFORBID THE UNION OF FRANCE AND SPAIN
FRANCE WAS LEFT NEARLY BANKRUPT FRANCE WAS LEFT NEARLY BANKRUPT
PEACE OF UTRECHTPEACE OF UTRECHT SET LIMITS ON ANY ONE STATE (COUNTRY) SET LIMITS ON ANY ONE STATE (COUNTRY)
IN EUROPE EXTENDING ITS POWERIN EUROPE EXTENDING ITS POWER
HALTED FRENCH EXPANSIONHALTED FRENCH EXPANSION
SPAIN CEASED TO OPERATE IN EUROPE AS SPAIN CEASED TO OPERATE IN EUROPE AS A GREAT POWER A GREAT POWER
ENGLAND GAINED SOME OF FRANCE’S ENGLAND GAINED SOME OF FRANCE’S COLONIAL TERRITORIES IN THE NEW COLONIAL TERRITORIES IN THE NEW WORLDWORLD
ENGLAND GAINED CONTROL OF THE ENGLAND GAINED CONTROL OF THE
AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE FROM SPAIN AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE FROM SPAIN
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL TENSIONS WOULD POLITICAL TENSIONS WOULD UTLIMATELY LEAD TO THE UTLIMATELY LEAD TO THE MODERNIZATION OF FRANCE MODERNIZATION OF FRANCE AND THE END OF ABSOLUTISM AND THE END OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE IN THE LATE 1700’S. IN FRANCE IN THE LATE 1700’S.