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CHAPTER 2AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN
Great Decisions
British India
IndiaPakistan Bangladesh
British India
1. Tried to take over Afghanistan but couldn’t 2. Used it as a buffer zone ( against Russia )3. British established a 3 tiered Border
1. First line : areas under direct British rule from areas under Pashtun tribal Control --- Today the lnie that separates the NWFP ( North Western Frontier Province ) and Balochistan from the FATA ( Federally Administered Tribal Areas )
2. Durand Line : separating the Tribal areas from the areas under the control of the Afghani emir ( accepted by international community)
Pashtunistan
A group concentrated in Afghanistan, NWFP, and FATA
The Durand Line cut through the Pashtun Tribal Area
The Weakening of British India
Afghanistan’s full sovereignty 1919India’s independence in 1947Pakistan was a new stateAfghanistan claimed that all treaties or borders
with British India had lapsed because now Pakistan is a state on its own
Afghanistan refused to recognize the Durand Line and called for the self determination of Pashtunistan
The Duran line is the Western International border of Pakistan
Afghanistan
The dynasty fell in 1973The king was overthrown by his cousin, Daud
– who was murdered by Communist military officers in 1978
This led to the US, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia supporting the mujahidin against the Soviets
After the fall of the Soviets – ethnic conflicts amongst tribes increased
Pakistan supported the rise to power – Taliban
The resistance organized the Northern Alliance – opposed the Taliban They control the norther and western afghanistan and
the capital Kabul
THE US ATTACKTHE UN BONN AGREEMENT
The Bush administration wanted to destroy al Qaeda’s bases in Afghanistan
The U.S asked the UN to take charge to sponsor political transition in Afghanistan
Afghanistan had not had a govt. since 1979
Interim authority for 6 months Must choose and ELJ
(emergency Loya Jirga ) or an emergency grand council to choose the next govt.
Then created a CLJ or a constitution
Then fair elections Hamid Karzai was elected
president
September 11, 2001
G-8
G-8 Members were appointed different sectors to reform
Germany – policeJapan – demobilization, disarmamentBritain – CounternarcoticsItaly – JusticeU.S- limited involvement in Afghan National
Army
Insurgency escalated
2006 – Taliban launched major offenses 2007 – 2008 – attacks continued to riseTaliban gained a lot of support – controlled
more than 50 districts out of 365 and government controlled 62 out of 365
Pakistan
Uses the wars in the region to stabilize itselfWanted to bring Afghanistan under its
influence by supporting Pashtun Islamists Supported the US in ending the Taliban
movement in Afghanistan and searching for Al Qaeda – because otherwise the US would ally with India However this wasn’t true the taliban was still very
much supported in Pakistan President Bush found out and confronted Prez.
Musharaf with it
Al - Qaeda
Located in the FATA region ( Federally administered Tribal Areas) of pakistan on the afghan border
Afghan Taliban
Mullah Mohamed Umar- leader or amir of the Taliban
He leads the Quetta Shura (directs operations in Southern Afghanistan)
Jalaludin Haqqani – another center of Afghan Taliban Collaborate more closely with Al-Qaeda Responsible for military activity in Eastern
Afghanistan and KabulIslamic party – Mujahidin group – NE
afghanistan and NW Pakistan
US
•Unreliable ally•Preferred to ally with India
•Believe that US should accept TalibanInd
ia
•Threat for Pakistan
Afghanistan
•Eliminate indian influence
•Supporting Taliban to ensure that Afghanistan is no threat
IN Pakistan’s View:
The US failed to engae the TalibanThe US has done a poor job in stabilizing
AfghanistanThey signed a nuclear treaty with India
( pakistan’s threat)Pakistan will only deliver Al-Qaeda if the US
engages Taliban and includes them in the govt of Afghanistan
Policy considerations (afghanistan)
Strengthen government legitimacy Differentiating between the Taliban and Al-Qaeda International army will only remain to secure the area
Improvements in security ANA, ANP – Afghan National Army, and Afghan
National policeControlling Drugs – Crop eradication
Policy Considerations : Pakistan
More of a threat towards international community
International community should work together to eliminate the threats This effort should work more with Pakistan Highlighting how important it is that Pakistan is
stable Frank discussion
Durand Line Issue