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WORLD WAR I
An Analysis of the Causes of the Great War until 1914
State of Europe, Year 1900
Formation of Germany as a power in Europe (1871)Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Italian state forms (1861) Ottoman Empire “sick man of Europe”
Balkan states emerge Globalization
Colonization of Asia and Africa
Militarism
International tensions = need for large militaries
Industrial Revolution and Technological advancesProduced more and better weapons
○ Ex. Dreadnaughts, 12” guns, machineguns, steam engines, steel, railroads, submarines
German and British rivalryNaval arms race
Innovations of War
Alliance Systems
Otto von Bismarck’s treatiesUsed alliances to deter war following the
Franco-Prussian War○ Dual Alliance (1879)○ Emperors’ League (1881)
Triple Alliance 1882Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Italy
Triple Entente 1907France, Russia, and Great Britain
○ French feared war with Germany
European Alliances as of 1914
Imperialism
Continued expansion and protection of colonies established in the 18th and 19th centuries
Race for colonies in Asia and Africa British, French, Dutch, US, Japan and
Russia have large holdings Germany only has a small portion in Africa
Russia’s need for a “warm water” portConflicted with Europe for territory in the
Balkans
Imperialism cont.
Nationalism
Formation of Germany (1871) and Italy (1861)Transformed the balance of European Power
Self-determination of ethnic Slavs within Austria-HungryEthnic Slavs wanted to become part of
SerbiaBulgarian Independence (1885)
National pride forced nations to prove themselves on the international scene
Crises that Challenge Europe
Berlin Conference 1878 Established Balkan countries
○ Russia, Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungry all had interests in the region
Moroccan CrisisAsserts German naval and industrial power Tests British-French alliance
Balkan Wars 1912-1913Russia backs downStops Serbia from having a coastlinePushes Europe closer to the brink of War
The “Powder Keg” Explodes Assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand on June 28,1914 by the Black Hand
Francis Ferdinand
Assassination of Francis Ferdinand
Declaration of war Following the assassination Austria-Hungry
wanted to punish SerbsBlank Check
○ False assumptionsUltimatum
Austria-Hungry declares war July 28th 1914 Mobilization of Europe
Russia stations troops along Austro-Hungarian Boarder○ Germany Declares war on August 1st 1914 and
Aug. 3rd against France
Onset of War 1914 Germany invades France
Schiefflen Plan ○ Maginot Line ○ Declaration of war by Great Britain
The Battle of the MarneEnsures a long war “Race to the Sea”
Russian InvasionGalicia Campaign and Battles at Tannenburg and
Masurian LakesRussia and Austria lose heavily
Western Front (1914)
Eastern Front (1914)
WWI -1914 Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungry,
Bulgaria, and Ottoman EmpireWell trained German TroopsIndustrializationRailways and Arms stockpiles
Allied Powers – Russia, France, Great Britain (joined by US in 1917)French have best trained officersGreat Britain’s blockade of Germany
○ Control the watersRussian army is ineffective
WWI – 1914 cont.
A revolution in warfare occursResults in high death rates
○ New destructive technology○ Old strategies of pre-industrial era are not
effective
Citations O'Neil , Timothy. "WWI: Origins of the Great
War." HST 106 Lecture. Mount Pleasant . 12 Jan 2011. Lecture.
Mazour, Anatole Gregory, and John M. Peoples. "World War I and the Russian Revolution altered the Course of History." World history: people and nations. Annotated teacher's ed. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990. 638-644. Print
Northwest Europe 1914: German Withdrawal to the Aisne and Stabilization of The Front . 2009. Map. Wikipedia.org
Central Europe 1914: Eastern Front 1914. 2006. Map. Wikipedia.org. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Australian Infantry Small Box Respirators Ypres 1917. 19.17. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Vickers WWI. 1957. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Fokker Dr1 on the Ground. 1918. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Francis Ferdinand. 1914. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Partition of Africa 1885-1914. 2008. Map. Wikispaces.net. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Imperialism in Asia 1914. 2008. Map. Wikispaces.net. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Gavrilo Princip Assassinates Francis Ferdinand . 1914. Painting. Wikipedia.org. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Francis Ferdinand. 1914. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Partition of Africa 1885-1914. 2008. Map. Wikispaces.net. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
Imperialism in Asia 1914. 2008. Map. Wikispaces.net. Web. 27 Feb 2012.
HMS Dreadnought Guns. 1922. Photograph. Wikipedia.org. Web. 27 Feb 2012.