Modern Europe Emerges…

Industrial Revolution,

World War I, and World War II Notes

Age of Imperialism During the late 1800s, European nations

took over other countries and turned them into colonies (“Imperialism”)

European nations colonized other countries to get more money and raw materials.

European nations took over Africa, Southeast Asia, and many South Pacific Islands.

Struggles among these nations eventually bring disaster to Europe.

Nationalism

By the 1900s, many people in Europe took great pride in their countries.

This strong sense of “nationalism” was one of the causes of World War I and II.

– Destructive nationalism caused nations to harm one another in the struggle to get ahead. Also, it prevents nations from working together.

Australian war propaganda poster

England War Poster

Alliances During the early 1900s, European

nations feared one another—afraid others would invade/take over their land

To protect themselves, they created “alliances” (partnerships) where they agreed to protect each other if someone else attacks them.

Two Major Alliances During World War I (1914)

Germany Great Britain

Austria-Hungary France

Italy Russia

World War I

The spark to start a war:– June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand

was assassinated.– Fighting:

• Lasted 4 years• The Industrial Revolution helped in new types

of Warfare– Machine guns, tanks, airplanes and poison gas.

• 21 million people died.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

World War I… End of the War:

– September 1918: Allies were able to push Germans out of occupied territory.

– A new map of Europe was created– Germany was forced to pay for cities destroyed

throughout Europe.– Millions were homeless, this war created a

worldwide depression.– War changed how people looked at the world.– US President Wilson created a fourteen point plan

that called for a League of Nations, which would help with peace throughout the world.

Weapons

Trench Warfare

Mustard Gas…

World War II…

Beginnings of War:– After WWI there was a worldwide

depression. Tensions arose between countries.

Two Major Alliances During World War II (1939)

Axis Powers Allied Powers

Germany Great Britain

Japan United States

Italy Russia

Axis Powers

– Germany• Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933.• 1936 began invading European countries.• 1939 marked the start of WWII.• Nazism: belief and practice of Nazi’s. Superior race.

– Italy• Benito Mussolini• Offered “A little something for everyone” to gain support.• Dreamed of Mediterranean empire.• 1940 Mussolini declared war on Great Britain and France• Fascism: a political idea that glorifies a country. Single

party with a strong ruler and aggressive nationalism.– Japan

• 1940 decided to expand empire to east.• December 7, 1941 attacked US troops in Pearl Harbor,

Hawaii• Dec. 8, 1941 US declared war on Japan

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini

USS Arizona: Pearl Harbor Attack

Japanese Airplane

Allied Powers

– Great Britain, France, US, China, Soviet Union

– US: Roosevelt– Great Britain: Churchill– Soviets: Stalin

• These leaders met to discuss the war. Set a day to attack Germany.

Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin

Turning Points…– Stalingrad: 1942. Germany was in the

Soviet Union heading toward Stalingrad. Soviets fought back and Germans surrendered in 1943.

– D-Day: June 1944 in Normandy, France. Attack on Germans by US and G.B troops. It was a success.

Troops Preparing to Fight: D-Day

End of World War II…

– May 7, 1944 Germany surrendered.– Japan refused to surrender

• Harry Truman now US president. Decided to use Atomic bomb on Japan.

• August 6, 1945 Hiroshima• August 9, 1945 Nagasaki• August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered.

Harry S. Truman

Enola Gay

“Little Boy” – The Atomic Bomb Dropped Over Hiroshima

Atomic Bomb Dropped Over Nagasaki

Nagasaki – after the atomic bomb

Survivors of Nagasaki

Hiroshima (after A-bomb)

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How did nationalism change Europe?

Holocaust

--Mass murder of Jews and Gypsies and other ethnic groups.

– 12 million total killed 1945 full horrors of camps discovered

by troops.

(See Holocaust Powerpoint for more pictures)