Presented to :M. Ahmed Sheikh

Naila Khalil Afifa Affan Milha John Hamza Jamil

News Bulletin is an organized collection of latest happenings across the world and broadcast in regular intervals.

Written stories in the form of a script. voice reports from journalists, either recorded

or live; recorded sound called actuality.

International news National News Local Stories Sports News Entertainment news Business news Weather news

Try to avoid seeing the bulletin simply as a collection of individual, self-contained stories. If you put a string of economic stories at the start of the bulletin, you risk losing your listeners' interest.

They expect a balance of items, some heavy and some light, some about major political events and some about ordinary people.

Pace mean the length and tone of a story as it appears to the listeners. You must also get the right pace of stories through your bulletin.

Some stories have a fast pace. The report of a fire, for example, will usually be written in short sentences, using short snappy words to convey simple ideas. It will have a fast pace.

Your ideal bulletin will have a steady pace throughout to maintain interest, with variations in pace during certain sections; slower at times to let your listeners catch their breath or faster at other times to pick up their lagging interest

Bulletins are the broadcasting equivalent of a page on a newspaper, except that in radio and television you are more limited in where you place the different parts because, as we know, news bulletins are linear, therefore all the elements must be placed along the line of time so they are used most effectively.

Your listeners will use the headlines to judge whether or not the bulletin is worth listening to.

Remember that if you tell everything in the headlines, listeners have no need to hear the rest of the bulletin.

When writing headlines about announcements or humorous stories, it is best to be mysterious, to keep the real information secret.

For example, if you have a story about rising petrol prices, you might write the headline "Motorists face another shock at the petrol pumps". Never write the headline "Petrol is to rise by 10 cents a litre" -

Sometimes called tail-enders

closing stories are almost as important as lead stories. They are the last stories your listeners will hear and remember from the bulletin. You need to choose them carefully.

Light or funny stories make the best tail-enders. They add relief and a change of pace to heavy bulletins. They should be written in a more informal way than other stories.

Each closing headline should be a summary of the main point of the story, written in one sentence.

Do not simply repeat the opening headline or intro of each story as a closing headline.

This is laziness which does not serve your listeners. Never repeat teasers as closing headlines: give the details.

Short grabs of actuality are a useful part of news bulletins, for a number of reasons:

They can often tell the story more effectively than a script.

If your story is about a violent protest outside an embassy, a 10-second grab of demonstrators chanting and shouting will convey the atmosphere better than any words.

They are often a chance to let people within your community speak on the radio. People like to hear their own voice on radio occasionally, or the voices of people they know.

Actuality grabs should be kept short (between 20 and 40 seconds), clear and well-edited. A minute-long grab of a dull voice will slow the pace of your bulletin and may force listeners to switch off.

By careful timing you will be able to include all your important stories, giving adequate details of each.

The exact time of each item depends upon:How long the whole bulletin is;How many items you need to include;How many grabs of actuality you want to use.

You have to balance these three considerations. If your bulletin is 15 minutes long you can use up to 20 stories, several of them with grabs, and still treat each story properly.

If the bulletin is only five minutes, long you might not manage more than seven or eight items and have time for only one or two short pieces of actuality.

News flashes

Ranking stories

Reading rate

A news flash is when the newsreader breaks into a program on-air to read an important, urgent news story, such as a major disaster or the death of a national leader.

The news flash should only be used on extremely important stories.

Urgent news which arrives in the studio as the bulletin is going to air should be read at the next most suitable break in the bulletin, although it usually makes sense to use it at the end of the bulletin, just before any closing headlines.

One of the major problems in bulletin preparation is ranking the stories in correct order. Just follow some simple steps.First read through all the stories available. Then go through them again, making three lists. These categories should be:Important stories which you must use;Stories which you can use, but which are not so important;Stories which you cannot use, for any reason.

It is very useful to know your reading rate or the reading rate of the newsreader who will read the bulletin.

Reading rates are calculated in words per second (wps)

and usually range from 2 wps for slower readers in some languages to 3.5 wps for quite rapid readers in other languages.

Most newsrooms today use computers to produce news stories and features .

If your newsroom uses printed scripts they must be typed neatly, with any last-minute changes clearly crossed out. If you make more than a couple of crossings-out, re-print that script.

Start a new paragraph for each sentence and type double-spaced. Type only one story per sheet, as this will make it easier to find stories if you want to drop or insert them during the bulletin. Use good quality paper which will not rustle as you move it.

Never turn a phrase from one line to the next and certainly never hyphenate words from one line to the next.

Never staple the pages of your bulletin together. You must be able to pull the sheets aside noiselessly as you read them. Stack the stories neatly on one side after you have read them; do not throw them on the floor.