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http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20160901-ASEAN-THE-GREAT-PUZZLE/Viewpoints/Thant-Myint-U-The- big-picture-beyond-Myanmar-s-peace-process September 1, 2016 12:00 pm JST Thant Myint-U: The big picture beyond Myanmar's peace process A TNLA soldier on guard duty in upper Shan State (Photo by Steve Tickner) Myanmar's Union Peace Conference in Naypyitaw will almost certainly be a symbolic success. Nearly all the country's myriad "ethnic armed organizations" agreed to participate in the national-level peace talks, ongoing between Aug. 31 and Sept. 4 -- including those that signed and many that did not sign last October's Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement. Notably absent are three groups that have been fighting the military over the past three years. The military's commander-in-chief, Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing, is on the list of attendees, with State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi, the de facto leader of the new

Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

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Page 1: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20160901-ASEAN-THE-GREAT-PUZZLE/Viewpoints/Thant-Myint-U-The-

big-picture-beyond-Myanmar-s-peace-process

September 1, 2016 12:00 pm JST

Thant Myint-U: The big picture beyond Myanmar's peace process

A TNLA soldier on guard duty in upper Shan State (Photo by Steve Tickner)

Myanmar's Union Peace Conference in Naypyitaw will almost certainly be a

symbolic success. Nearly all the country's myriad "ethnic armed organizations"

agreed to participate in the national-level peace talks, ongoing between Aug. 31

and Sept. 4 -- including those that signed and many that did not sign last

October's Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement. Notably absent are three groups that

have been fighting the military over the past three years. The military's

commander-in-chief, Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing, is on the list of attendees,

with State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi, the de facto leader of the new

Page 2: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

government and the conference's principal architect. The supporting cast of

hundreds includes people from across Myanmar's political spectrum, as well as

United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

Shan children at a Shan State Army South-sponsored school in Loi Tai Laeng (Photo by Steve Tickner)

No one expects the conference to achieve a breakthrough. But the symbolism is in

itself important and underlines a real desire on all sides to bring about a peaceful

settlement following almost seven decades of violent conflict. No ethnic armed

organization is promoting secession, and the idea of a federal system of

government -- long advocated by ethnic minority leaders -- is no longer hotly

contested. Aung San Suu Kyi's national and international stature can be a

singular asset to any process going forward. The time is ripe for peace.

But it is what comes next that will be of paramount importance. And what is

needed is a multidimensional strategy that connects complex sets of issues: first,

the future of Myanmar as a multiethnic country; second, the broader democratic

transition; third, peacemaking and peace-building in the actual conflict-affected

areas; fourth, China's interest and influence over its southwestern neighbor; and

fifth, critically, the economy.

Page 3: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

An elderly Palaung woman and child in a TNLA-controlled area of Shan State (Photo by Steve Tickner)

MULTIETHNIC DEMOCRACY Since independence from Britain in 1948, one

of Myanmar's principal challenges has been finding a form of government

acceptable to all its many and diverse ethnic communities.

Few now disagree with the devolution of considerable authority, including fiscal

authority, to state or regional levels. The devil will of course be in the details.

Myanmar is not and never has been neatly divided into ethnically based areas.

Smaller minority communities are often intermingled with bigger ones. Getting

both sequencing and timing right will be critical. Until good state institutions are

in place, simply devolving power may only add a new layer of inefficacy and

corruption.

It is also necessary to think out of the box. Millions of people in Myanmar are of

mixed ethnicity (including my own family and most people I know). Migration,

urbanization and a telecommunications revolution are reshaping the country and

will likely reshape identities. Language policies will need to be carefully

reconsidered. Local autonomy may have been an answer in the 1950s, but

devolution can only be a part of the solution today. And any solution can only be

a work in progress, as we have seen even in the most advanced democracies.

Far more straightforward is the related aim of equality. There is no need to wait

for a peace process before moving at maximum speed to end all forms of

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discrimination, to make state institutions such as the police, judiciary and civil

service far more inclusive, and to create more equitable economic opportunities

across the country.

A TNLA soldier with a local Palaung man and boy in upper Shan State (Photo by Steve Tickner)

Second is the matter of Myanmar's overall political transition. It is impossible

and unwise to disassociate discussions on peace from the broader debates over

the country's democratic future. And again, there are the challenges of

sequencing. Without a new concept of citizenship and strong liberal institutions,

democracy could slide easily into majoritarian rule by the dominant Bamar

population. Carefully pacing the shift toward democracy and devolution will be

important. Engaging public opinion and civil society will be essential.

Third are the issues around peacemaking and peace-building in conflict-afflicted

areas. Myanmar has been at war with itself for generations. The fighting once

involved communist insurgents as well as ethnic rebels. The situation today is far

from all-out civil war. There have been periods, including over the past few years,

of heavy fighting. In general, though, the confrontations are low-intensity, with

dozens of small clashes each month across an area of northeastern Myanmar,

along the China border, about the size of the U.K. Still, the humanitarian impact

of militarization, instability, displacement and occasional fighting over nearly

seven decades has been enormous.

Page 5: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

A Palaung child in a TNLA-controlled village in Shan State (Photo by Steve Tickner)

This is a region of blurry front lines, cohabited by the Myanmar army, ethnic

armed organizations, so-called "border guard forces" and hundreds of smaller

militias. Men with guns usually stay out of each other's way, often do business

together, sometimes try to expand their territory, and occasionally, fight. The

dynamics in places have less in common with Syria in 2016 than, say, Chicago in

1926.

September 1, 2016 12:00 pm JST

Thant Myint-U: The big picture beyond Myanmar's peace process

What is important is to prevent discussions on the broad political goals

mentioned above from becoming a substitute for the nitty-gritty negotiations and

confidence-building measures needed to end the fighting. Talks on the political

future of the country should be an open, inclusive, and ultimately democratic

exercise. But any negotiations to actually end the fighting in the northeast need to

focus on the key combatants: the armed forces, the ethnic armed organizations

and the militias.

With so many different parties to the conflict, it will be difficult to balance locally

tailored solutions with a more comprehensive approach. There is understandable

Page 6: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

resistance to a "divide and rule" formula, but a lowest-common-denominator

approach should also be rejected.

TNLA soldiers at a security briefing in Shan State on Feb. 18 (Photo by Steve Tickner)

THE CHINESE ELEPHANT This links to the fourth set of issues and the

elephant in the room: China. Myanmar's armed conflicts once raged across the

country. They are now mainly confined to areas close to China, where groups like

the United Wa State Army are successors to the communist insurgencies once

armed by Beijing. Foreign countries should not be involved in national political

talks on Myanmar's future, but China must be a partner in any diplomacy aimed

at peace along the border.

Much attention has been focused on the future of Myitsone dam, China's planned

$3.6 billion hydropower project in northern Kachin State that was suspended by

the previous administration. But this is almost certainly not Beijing's focus.

Yunnan in southern China is now more than self-sufficient in electricity, and in

general, any benefits from economic projects in Myanmar will be a drop in the

bucket for China's $10 trillion economy. China has a strategic interest in

Myanmar as a bridge to the Indian Ocean and is more likely to prioritize

development of its proposed deep-sea port at Kyaukphyu, on the country's west

coast.

Page 7: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

At an even more basic level, Beijing is keen simply to ensure that Myanmar, if not

always a reliable friend, is never a threat. It would like peace along the border but

wants to shape this process as it moves forward, maintaining the dominant

international role. It has deep ties with some of the ethnic armed organizations

and will not give these up easily. Beijing's nightmare scenario would be to lose its

grip over the still unstable borderlands, only to see Western or Japanese interests

take its place.

Aung San Suu Kyi's recent trip to China may have helped assuage Beijing's fears.

It will be critical to find China the right seat at the right table, leveraging its

influence while protecting Myanmar's sovereignty. There are potential win-win

scenarios. Myanmar's armed conflicts are taking place in one of poorest parts of

Asia but also next to one of the greatest industrial revolutions ever.

Page 8: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

ECONOMIC ENERGY The fifth and equally important set of issues -- those

related to the economy -- has been almost entirely left out of peace discussions

over recent years. Part of the reason has been the fear among some, especially the

ethnic armed organizations, that the government would try to "buy them out,"

and that offers of aid or business investment would dilute their political agendas.

Given past history, this is understandable.

Page 9: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

At the same time, the absence of a more transparent discussion on economic

issues will only lead to backroom deals, bringing in the carpetbaggers and leaving

local communities with little say over the economic forces changing their lives.

Moreover, omitting the economic dimension would leave out the most dynamic

potential catalyst for peace. Myanmar has had nearly 70 years of peace talks and

decades of ceasefires that have led nowhere. What is different today are the

economic opportunities that can transform the country, quickly. Harnessing this

energy in a way that builds peace is crucial.

Missing is better analysis of what the various regional economies can become in

10 or 20 years' time. A menu of options for the different regional economies --

linked both to a booming central economy and dynamic cross-border ties --

would help steer negotiators away from a simple focus on dividing the current

pie.

Last October's Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement included unprecedented

commitments to jointly improve the lives of ordinary people. Yet efforts to

implement these "interim measures" have barely begun. In the country's

southeast, where the ceasefires are holding well, a key next step should be

mutually agreed economic programs, joining both private investment and

international aid, in ways that will maximize benefits to local communities and

build trust among combatants.

Myanmar is closer now to peace than at any time since independence in 1948. A

long-term vision and versatile diplomacy over the coming months will make all

the difference.

Thant Myint-U is a historian and an author, most recently of "Where China

Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia" (2011).

BURMESE TRANSLATION

http://burma.irrawaddy.com/opinion/viewpoint/2016/08/30/121819.html

Page 10: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

(αΎα€žα€‚α€α€œ α‚αˆ α€›α€€α€± α€”α€€ Nikkei Asian Review တြင ေဖပ ျပ α€±α€žα€• α€ž α€” နငျ ဦး၏ Thant Myint-U – Myanmar

beyond the peace process α€€ ႏ ငနင α€žα€Όα€„ α€Όα€•α€žα€• α€žα€Šα‹ α€ž α€” နငျ α€žα€Š α€žα€” င α€Šα€•α€›α€›α€„ စပေရ ရပ တေေပက α€–α€… ပ α€± ပက α€€ α€±α€› α€žα€• α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• စပ နရပ ၂မာ α€± ႏရစက α€»α€α€±α€™α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹) α€žα€”α€±α€α€Ό α€žα€” နင

င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€œα€Ό α€” နပ α€Š α€ž α€” နငျ |August 30, 2016 | Hits:3,510

2 | |

α€› α€€ α€” တြင α€œ α€±α€žα€• ၂ ရပစ α€„α€œα€€α€Šα€•α€œα€•α€±α€€ ေျပကေကၾက α€… α€€ α€Όα€› α€α€€α€±α€›α€•α€€α€žα€α€¬α€• တပတ α€€ – α€” နင α€… α€Έ/ရပာတပ)

α€± α€Šα€±α€α€•α€α€Όα€„ αΎα€žα€‚α€α€œ α€›α€€α€± α€” α€€ င α€”α€Šα€» α€Šα€±α€»α€•α€„α€… င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€Šα€•α€œα€•α€±α€€α€Έ α€ž α€Šα€•α€œα€•α€±α€€α€Έ α€ž αΎα€€α€±α€žα€• α€” နပႏ ငငကဦး၏ α€” α€žα€• ငျ င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€± α€Ό ေႏြ α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€€ နရတေက ပကတငနရတေက ပကတငႏ α€„α€”α€Šα€» ေပင နငနးတေ α€–α€…α€œα€•α€”α€Šα€”α€›α€• α€±α€žα€± α€•α€žα€±α€œα€•α€€ ပ α€± α€–α€… α€±α€žα€Šα‹ ပ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» ပ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€»α‚α€›α€… ေပကတ α€Όα€•α€œα€€ α€œα€€α€”α€›α€α€±α€› α€» α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• တႏ α€„α€„α€€α€œα€€ တ င တပ ဖတ င တပ ဖငျ α€… ေတ α€› α€…α€›α€±α€› α€žα€±α€Όα€•α€α€Šα€•α€± α€€ NCA) တြင α€œα€€α€”α€›α€α€±α€› α€» α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• တ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€” ပ ႏရငျ α€œ

Page 11: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

ႏရငျ α€œα€€α€”α€›α€α€”α€» α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€” ပ ေမင α€” နပႏ ငငကရရ တ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€–α€Όα€›α€” ပ α€œα€€ ပ ပ α€œα€€ ပ α€± တကေရပက αΎα€€α€”α€Š α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

တ နေတပ ကပကြေေရ စပ α€± α€œα€± α€” ႉကပ နင α€±α€•α€„α€œ α€Έα€„α€žα€•α€”α€€ α€Šα€•α€œα€•α€±α€€α€€ တ α€€ α€±α€–α€•α€±α€•α€±α€–α€•α€±α€•α€„α€±α€›α€»α€ž α€–α€…α€±α€žα€• α€… α€›α€žα€…α€¦α€Έα ေေေင ေပင ႏ ငငကေတပဦး၏ ႉကကေ ဂထ α€œ α€± ပေပင စၾကေ ပေပင α€…αΎα€€α€Šα€œα€Š α€α€€α€±α€›α€•α€€α€”α€Š α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€” နပျႏ ငငကေရ α€ž င α€™ င ႏရငျ α€€α€œα€žα€”α€‚α€‘ ႏရငျ α€€α€œα€žα€”α€‚α€‘ တြင α€±α€› α€” α€± α€Ό ကပနြ Ban Ki-Moon) ေမင α€±α€› α€±α€žα€Šα€»α€žα€” ပ α€œα€Š ရပႏရငျေ ပ တကေရပကၾက α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹

၅ ရကၾကပ α€€ င α€› စပစာျပ α€žα€Šα€» α€Šα€•α€Šα€•α€œα€•α€±α€€α€€ ႉကပ နပ α€±α€žα€• α€± ပင α€œα€›α€”α€Έα€α€± α€–α€…α€œα€•α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€žα€€α€”α€› α€±α€”α€› α€•α€œα€„α€»α€”α€»α€• ၾက ေ။ α€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€€ င ႏ င ေင α€€ ေတ ငက α€±α€› α€±α€žα€Šα€» α€žα€±α€€α€«α€ တေ α€–α€…α€žα€œ ေစႏရစ ႏရစ ပ α€± ႏရစ ပ α€± ၾကပ α€”α€„α€»α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• ၾကန α€–α€€ α€Έ α€€ α€” ပ α€± ပက င တြင င α€” α€± α€” စြပ α€± ေတက α€›α€› α€”α€Šα€» α€± α€›α€› α€”α€Šα€» α€± ျပ တေက ြကပ α€œα€€ α€”α€› တကေ ႏ α€›α€› α€± ေၾကပင ေဖပ α€± ေဖပ α€± α€žα€Šα‹ α€”α€Šα€žα€Šα€»α€ င ရင α€žα€• ေေေင ေပငကနရ α€±α€Όα€›α€»α€Όα€€α€±α€› α€€ ေတပင α€± ေင α€”α€›α€› ေ။ တ င α€›α€”α€›α€› ေ။ တ င ရင α€žα€• ေေေင ေပငန ပ α€€ α€€α€•α€œαΎα€€α€•α€›α€›α€Šα€…α€Όα€• ေတပင α€±α€›α€»αΎα€€α€±α€žα€• α€–α€€ α€›α€±α€… α€… α€… ရတေ α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€…α€Šα€–α€Όα€›α€”α€…α€Š α€±α€› α€α€Όα€„α€œα€Š တ င α€±α€±α€€α€± ပ α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€”α€›α€› ေတပျ ေ။ α€± ပေပင α€…αΎα€€α€Šα€€ α€Šα€α€Όα€„ ႏရငျ α€Šα€α€Όα€„ ႏရငျ ႏ ငငကတကပနရ α€±α€œ စပ ၾက ေင α€€ α€”α€Šα€žα€Šα€» α€œ င စာနရ α€žα€”α€› α€€ α€” α€±α€›α€›α€€α€žα€Όα€• α€±α€…α‚α€±α€›α€›α€€α€žα€Όα€• ေစႏ α€„α€”α€Šα€» α€›α€Š α€± င ေၾကပငျ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€± α€± α€€ င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€€ α€›α€± α€± α€Όα€α€›α€”α€Šα€» α€± α€Όα€α€›α€”α€Šα€» α€± α€–α€… α€±α€žα€Šα‹

α€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€± ပက င တြင α€–α€…α€œα€•α€”α€Šα€» ေၾကပင ရပန ပ α€€ α€±α€› ႉကပ α€€ α€–α€… α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹ α€œ α€žα€Šα€» α€œ α€žα€Šα€» α€± ကနရပ α€±α€»α€•α€„α€»α€…α€€α€žα€Šα€» α€Š းပတေႏရငျ α€Έ α€±α€»α€Ό α€±α€žα€• ေၾကပင ရပ α€… α€±α€™ α€” ပ α€… α€±α€™ α€” ပ α€€ α€€α€žα€Όα€±α€± α€”α€Šα€» α€žα€€α€±α€„ တန ေင α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€± α€€ စါန ပ နရပ ) α€” နပႏ α€„α€„α€€α€€α€›α€»α€ž α€” တ င ရငတ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€” α€…α€€α€œα€„α€žα€Šα€» ႏ ငငကတေဦး၏ ပဂတ ၂) α€€ α€± α€”α€±α€žα€• ပန ကေရစပ α€žα€Όα€„α€€ α€žα€Όα€„α€€ α€± ပင α€±α€› ) α€Έ α€€ ေၾကပငျ α€”α€› တကေ α€» α€± α€€ ေကစပ α€± α€›α€žα€Šα€» α€± ရပန ပ α€± ရပန ပ တြင င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› ေဖပေပငေရ ႏရငျ α€α€Šα€±α€•α€€α€±α€› ာ) တ တႏ ငငကဦး၏ တ တႏ ငငကဦး၏ α€€ စပ ြပ ႏရငျ α€” နပႏ ငငက α€± ပ αΎα€žα€‘α€•α€œαšα€” α€” နးႏရငျ ၅) ႏ ငငကဦး၏ စပ ြပ α€±α€› တ α€” α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ တ င ရင α€žα€• α€…α€€ ပန ကေရစပ α€” နပ α€Š တ α€žα€› တ α€”α€»α€€α€”α€› α€œα€Όα€α€œ α€±α€› α€›α€›α€› α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» α€¬αˆ α€±α‚α€›α€…α€€α€α€Š α€€ α€” နပႏ ငငကတြင α€± α€±α€±α€€α€€ α€± α€±α€±α€€α€€ α€žα€Šα€» α€… ေေပနးန ပ α€»α€›α€”α€› တေနရပ α€” ပ ပ α€…α€€α€œα€„α€žα€Šα€» တ င ရတ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€” α€… α€ž င α€™ င ပ α€œα€€ α€€ α€œα€€α€±α€€α‚ α€„α€žα€Šα€» α€… ရတေ α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€…α€Š α€±α€› α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€± ေေတြင ြ႑ပေရ ငရပ α€œ ငေြငျ ေမင α€œ ငေြငျ α€” ပ ပ α€€ α€Š ေႏရငျ တ င တ င α€… α€›α€” ပ α€ž α€” α€±α€Όα€›α€±α€™α€± ျပ α€± α€±α€› α€€ α€žα€±α€Όα€•α€”α€α€Šα€•α€ž α€Š α€„α€±α€žα€• α€›α€› α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€ž α€… တ ေၾကပေၾကပင ရပန ပ ႏရငျ α€α€žα€€α€” α€±α€€α€±α€›α€” ပ α€›α€› α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹

နငက α€±α€€ α€± ဖငျ စာ စပ ၾကရ α€œα€Š α€œ α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€” နပႏ ငငကနရ α€ž α€± ေင α€” ပ α€…α€Όα€•α€±α€žα€• α€Šα€žα€” ပ α€Šα€žα€” ပ α€€ α€± ပဦး၏ α€” α€žα€• စႏရငျ α€€ α€± α€•α€ž α€±α€žα€•α€ž α€” ပ α€… ေမင) နရပ တ င ရင α€žα€• α€±α€žα€Ό ေရပေရကေ α€žα€±α€›α€•α€±α€›α€€α€± α€žα€” ပ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€›αšα€± ပင α€± α€±α€± ေင α€” α€” ပ α€–α€Όα€€α€– α€€ α€± α€”α€œα€• ေင ႏရငျ α€€α€žα€Όα€±α€±α€› α€… α€…

Page 12: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

α€€α€žα€Όα€±α€±α€› α€… α€… တ α€α€€α€œα€•α€”α€Έα€€ တ င α€Šα€€ α€œα€Š ကေဖပ ကေဖပေ α€žα€Šα€» င တ င ရင α€žα€• တ နဦး၏ α€…α€› α€€α€œα€€α€…α€› α€€α€œα€€ ဏပက α€œα€Š α€œα€Š ကေဖပႏ ငဖြေရရ α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€α€±α€œα€»α€… α€α€±α€œα€»α€… α€€ α€œα€€ ဏပန ပ α€€ α€œα€Š α€œα€Š ကေဖပဖြေရပ α€›α€› α€± α€žα€Šα‹ α€Όα€•α€žα€•α€…α€€α€• ငရပ α€”α€™α€± α€” ပ α€€ α€žα€ ျပ α€žα€ ျပ α€œα€Š α€žα€€ α€ž α€› α€œ α€œα€• α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹ α€± α€ž ငရပ α€± α€±α€Όα€„α€»α€žα€Š ၅မ ႏရစန ပ ႏရစန ပ α€€ α€± ဖတေ ဖစေရျႏ α€„α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€±α€± α€± တြင ပဏပေြရေမေ α€±α€› α€€ α€± ဖဦး၏ တစ တတေ ဖဦး၏ တစ တတ င α€žα€• ဖစႏ င α€±α€žα€Šα‹ ငျနပ α€€ ပန ကေရစပန ပ တြငနရပ င α€€ α€± ပတ α€”α€€ α€± ပတ α€” α€”α€„α€±α€›α€»α€›α€žα€œ α€± α€–α€”α€› α€žα€”α€› α€€ α€„α€»α€œ α€€ α€± ေေဖပ α€±α€•α€„α€›α€”α€Šα€» α€€ စါတေ ဖစႏ င α€±α€žα€Šα‹

တ α€α€Šα€•α€”α€› α€±α€› α€›α€Šα€”α€› α€± α€€ ဖငျ α€±α€›α€›α€€α€žα€Όα€• α€› α€” ပ စြပ α€›α€› α€± α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€Όα€› ေပ α€€ α€”α€žα€α€”α€Έ α€€α€…α€€ ပ α€œα€€ α€€ ပ α€œα€€ α€€ α€€ α€žα€ ႏ ငရ ရရတ α€–α€Όα€›α€” တရပ စပရငေရ ႏရငျ α€› α€Όα€€ ပ α€” ပ ေမင α€… α€›α€–α€Όα€›α€… α€›α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€…α€Š α€” ပ α€” α€±α€™α€„α€œα€•α€±α€•α€„ α€œ α€±α€› ႏရငျ တ င α€Šα€α€œαšα€• တြင α€”α€› α€α€žα€Šα€» စပ α€”α€› α€α€žα€Šα€» စပ ြပ α€±α€› α€±α€Όα€„α€»α€œα€” α€” ပ α€” α€– တပ ႏ ငေရ တ α€”α€€ နငျ α€€ α€›α€› ဖငျ ေကပင α€»α€Š နေဖပနပ င နနေဖပနပ င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€œ င စာတေက ေစပငျ င α€± စရပ α€”α€œ ေ။

တ α€± α€± ကနရပ α€” နပႏ ငငကဦး၏ α€œα€€ α€…α€€ ႏ ငငကေရ α€žα€Όα€„α€€ α€± ပင α€”α€Έ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ တ င α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ တ င α€Šα€¦α€Έα ပန ကေရစပ ပဂတႏရငျ α€α€žα€€ α€€ α€±α€€ α€€ α€±α€€ α€± α€” α€” α€±α€± တင α€± α€Ό α€”α€Έα€” ပ နရတငျ င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€± α€Ό ေႏြ α€”α€Έα€” α€±α€™α€„α€±α€›α€»α€œα€› င α€±α€”α€› ပ နငေနရ ပ နင α€Š ရပက ပ α€–α€…α€œα€Š α€” ဖစႏ င ေ။ α€» α€± α€•α€›α€œα€› င α€… ေေပနးန ပ စြပ α€α€Όα€›α€œ α€€α€›α€› α€± α€±α€žα€Šα‹

ႏ α€„α€„α€€α€žα€• α€–α€…α€”α€Έ ငရပ α€žα€±α€Όα€•α€α€›α€• α€žα€…α€α€› ႏရငျ င ပ ေကပင α€žα€Šα€» α€œα€Όα€α€œ α€±α€žα€• α€œα€Όα€α€œ α€±α€žα€• α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€…α€Š α€” ပ α€” α€±α€™α€„α€±α€›α€»α€œα€› င ပန ကေရစပက α€œ α€±α€›α€” ပ ပ α€žα€Šα€» α€”α€•α€œα€” α€” ပ α€” ပ α€…α€€ α€œαšα€” α€” α€žα€Šα€» ပန ကေရစပ α€–α€…α€ž α€” α€œα€Όα€±α€α€€ α€±α€›α€Όα€œ ပ α€žα€Όα€• ႏ α€„α€žα€Šα‹ ပန ကေရစပႏရငျ α€œ α€œ ငေြငျ α€±α€Όα€›α€±α€™α€± ျပ α€±α€› α€ž α€” α€žα€ ျပ α€± ပင α€±α€›αšα€› α€±α€› ႉကပ α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹ α€Šα€žα€œα€»α€¦α€Έα ျင နငေျင နငေေ ကႏရငျ α€› α€Όα€€ α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€…α€Š α€” ပ α€€α€œα€Š α€”α€›α€› α€” α€–α€… α€œ α€±α€žα€Šα‹

တတ α€± α€± ကနရပ α€Έ α€€ ေၾကပငျ α€» α€± ကေကစပ α€±α€›α€»α€›α€žα€Šα€» α€± α€žα€” ပ တြင င α€” α€± α€” α€”α€Έ ေဖပေပငေရ င α€” α€± နင α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€α€Šα€±α€•α€€α€±α€› ႏရငျ α€α€žα€€α€±α€žα€• α€€ စါန ပ α€–α€… α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€” နပႏ ငငက α€” နပႏ ငငကတြင α€Šα€α€Όα€„ α€…α€… α€–α€…α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€”α€›α€• α€” α€€α€” ပ စြပ ၾကပေရျ ပ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ တေ α€€ တ α€€ α€Όα€›α€” ပ တြင α€€α€Ό α€” α€€α€Ό α€” α€…α€” ပ တ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€” ပ α€±α€™α€„α€±α€›α€»αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ α€œα€€α€›α€› α€± α€±α€± နရပန င α€» င α€» α€±α€žα€• α€Šα€α€Όα€„ α€…α€… α€± ျပ နးတ ေ။ ပ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» ႏရစ α€Š ငေ တြင α€€ α€± ပေ α€±α€€α€±α€›α€»α€± ပေ α€±α€€α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» α€…α€… α€Όα€›α€” ပ ေမင ႉကပ နပ α€±α€žα€• တ α€€ α€Όα€›α€” ပ α€›α€› α€±α€›α€» α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€±α€±α€Όα€± α€±α€±α€Όα€± ပ ဖငျ α€» တ ကရင ငနးန ပ နရပ င α€» ေင α€”α€›α€› α€Όα€› α€” နပႏ ငငက α€± နပက င α€± နပက င တ တ α€±α€… α€α€±α€œα€› ပကတြင ေထငႏရငျ α€± α€•α€±α€žα€•α€ α€€ ြရငေန ပ α€œα€ င α€–α€… ြပ α€± α€žα€Šα‹ စစတ ကစကစစတ α€€α€…α€€α€žα€Όα€„ ေင α€”α€α€Šα€„ α€” ေင နရပစြ နေြပ α€»α€Όα€€α€± α€› ေင ႏရငျ ေစႏရစ α€±α€”α€› တြင ေေပ α€±α€œα€› ပစြပ ေေပ α€±α€œα€› ပစြပ တ α€€ α€Όα€›α€” ပ α€–α€… ြပ α€±α€›α€» ေင တ နေၾကပငျ α€œα€žα€• α€± င စပ ပေျပကျပ α€”α€Έ ငရပ α€žα€€α€±α€›α€•α€€α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€€α€€α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€€α€œα€Š ႉကပ နပ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€± α€žα€žα€Š ေရရတ α€± α€” တ တ α€€ α€±α€žα€± ပနး α€”α€›α€› α€Όα€› α€” နပျတ နေတပ α€± ေပ ေစပငျတ α€Έ α€±α€±α€•α€žα€Šα€» တ α€„α€žα€Šα€» တ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€” ပ ရပႏရငျေ α€•α€±α€žα€• α€Šα€žα€”α€…α€… ဖြရနငေန ပ တတကြ

Page 13: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

တတကြ တ α€± ျပ α€žα€Šα€» α€± ရပ α€–α€… ပ α€±α€ž တက ငျပ α€žα€Šα€»α€žα€” ပ α€” ကႏရပေ င ငေ αΎα€€α€ž ငေ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα€» α€± ရပ α€–α€…α€žα€Š ။ တေေတရက α€žα€ α€” တတြရ စပ ြပ α€±α€› α€œ αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ တေေတရက α€žα€ α€žα€ နဦး၏ င α€€ α€±α€± α€”α€€ α€± α€›α€»α€Όα€„αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹ တေေတရက တ α€€α€± α€€αΎα€€α€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€› ႉကပ α€žα€Šα€”α€›α€• ျကတြင ေဖပ α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• α€€ α€± α€”α€žα€Šα€» ႏ ငငကေရ ႏ ငငကေရ α€›α€Šα€”α€› α€± α€€α€” ပ α€€ α€± α€Ό ေႏြ ေင α€€ α€±α€ž α€… တ α€œα€€α€±α€α€Όα€” α€Šα€› ႏ းင α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€Šα€› ႏ းင α€”α€Έα€” ပ တြက စပ α€» နးတေ α€–α€…α€œα€•α€”α€Š နးတ ေ။ တ α€€ α€Όα€›α€” ပ α€€ α€€ α€žα€α‚ ငေရ တြက α€±α€€αΎα€€α€Šα€”α€Έ α€α€±α€€αΎα€€α€Šα€”α€Έ α€α€Šα€±α€•α€€ ေင α€” ပ α€œ α€±α€žα€Šα‹ တ င α€Šα€¦α€Έα ႏ ငငကေရ ပဂတႏရငျ α€α€žα€€ α€± α€Ό ေႏြ ရပ α€α€žα€€ α€± α€Ό ေႏြ ရပတြင α€Όα€„α€»α€œα€„ α€”α€Έ ပ α€œα€€ ေမငနး ႏရငျ ပန ကေရစပ α€Š α€€ α€œ α€€ ပ α€€ α€„α€»α€žα€€ α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€€ α€„α€»α€žα€€ α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€›α€› α€žα€„α€» α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€±α€›α€›α€± နပက င α€”α€› တ α€€ α€Όα€›α€” ပ α€”α€› တကေ α€€ α€žα€α€±α€› α€€ α€žα€α€±α€› တြက α€”α€Šα€žα€Šα€» α€Šα€› ႏ းင α€± α€Ό ေႏြ နးတြင α€” တ α€€ α€žα€Šα€» တ α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€” ပ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα€» α€… ရတ α€” ပ α€… ရတ α€” ပ တ င α€›α€„α€žα€• α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€” ပ ႏရငျ α€Šα€žα€…α€…α€” ပ α€€ ပ α€€α€… α€€α€› α€œ α€”α€Š α€–α€… α€±α€žα€Šα‹

α€Έ α€€ တြင ေမငေ α€±α€žα€• α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€…α€Š α€œα€Ό α€” ပ ပ α€žα€Šα€» တြက α€” α€€ α€±α€€ α€± α€”α€žα€Šα€» α€± ာ α€€ နးတေႏရငျ တ α€± α€žα€α€Όα€„ တြင α€±α€–α€•α€±α€•α€„α€žα€Šα€» α€± α€–α€” ပ α€€ α€± α€–α€” ပ α€€ α€Έ α€± α€€α€Šα€•α€”α€› ေပင ေပငရြကရ α€±α€€α€±α€›α€» α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹ α€±α€žα€Ό α€±α€žα€Ό α€±α€Όα€› α€± α€žα€Šα€» α€Š α€œα€” α€€ α€”α€€ င ေင α€€ ပ α€œα€Šα€± ႏ ငစရပ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Šα€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€Όα€€ င α€± α€± α€Š α€€ ဖငျ α€± ာ α€€ α€”α€Έα€€ ငင α€±α€› α€œ α€±α€žα€Šα‹

α€± ေကေဖပ α€±α€› စတတေ နပကနရပ ပစ α€±α€™ α€” ပ ႏရငျ α€€α€… α€± ပ α€±α€› ႉကပ α€€ α€–α€…α€žα€±α€œα€•α€€ α€”α€Šα€žα€”α€› α€”α€Šα€žα€”α€› α€”α€± α€Ό ေႏြ α€± α€„α€žα€Šα€» α€€ စါ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ တ တႏ ငငက α€±α€› α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€” နပႏ ငငကဦး၏ α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€Έ α€€ α€” ပ နရပ တေ α€€ တ α€Šα€œα€€ α€ž α€” α€€α‚α€›α€€α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€± α€± တြင တ တႏ ငငကႏရငျ ပ α€€ α€žα€Šα€» ပ α€€ α€žα€Šα€» α€± ရပန ပ α€α€Όα€„α€žα€• တ α€€ α€›α€› α€± ပ α€” ပ စနရပ တေ α€€ တ တစ ရဦး၏ ေျပက α€€α€»α€”α€Έα€€ α€›α€›α€› α€›α€›α€› α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• α€€α€Ό α€” α€… ေတပက α€€α€±α€€α€žα€Šα€» β€˜α€™β€™ α€Š α€±α€žα€Ό α€…α€Š α€Šα€•α€Šα€Όα€α€±α€› တ နေတပ UWSA) α€€α€›α€»α€ž α€” α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€” ပ α€›α€› α€± α€žα€Šα‹ တ တႏ ငငက α€ž နနးတ ေပ α€”α€Šα€»α€žα€Šα€» ႏ ငငက α€–α€…α€±α€…) တ င α€Šα€¦α€Έα ပဂတတြက α€” α€žα€• ငျန α€žα€• ငျ ႏ ငငကေရ α€± α€Ό ေႏြ α€”α€Έα€” ပ တြင α€” α€±α€™α€„α€žα€„α€» ေ။ α€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€±α€… α€α€±α€œα€› ပကတြင င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€€ α€›α€Šα€›α€Όα€±α€žα€Šα€» α€žα€€α€α€” α€žα€€α€α€” α€±α€› ရပ α€€ စါန ပ တြင α€” တဖကတေ α€›α€› α€›α€”α€Š α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€” ပ စဦး၏ ပရကစ α€€ ေင α€±α€€α€›α€žα€Šα€» α€”α€… ကဦး၏ α€•α€‚α€α€žα€Šα€œα€Š တေ ေတေ ောင α€–α€… α€±α€žα€Šα‹ တ တႏ ငငကက α€α€Šα€±α€•α€€α€”α€Šα€» α€±α€”α€› α€€ α€± α€•α€œα€• α€žα€” α€Όα€•α€œα€•α€±α€€α€α€Όα€•α€œα€•α€±α€€α€ α€– α€›α€› α€€α€± င α€Š α€±α€”α€› ေရပ α€œα€› α€…α€… စပစပနကက α€€ ေေင α€… α€› α€œα€€α€»α€€α€α€Όα€„ α€› င α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα‹ α€ž α€”α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€”α€… α€€α€Šα€€ တ တတ တစ ရဦး၏ တ α€€ ပ α€€α€… ကနးတေ α€”α€Έα€α€žα€±α€œα€•α€€ င α€– α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€± ေေတြင တ တႏ ငငကေတပင င α€”α€› α€± α€± α€Š α€±α€žα€Š α€œα€› α€…α€…α€…α€Όα€” င တြက α€œα€€α€±α€œα€•α€€α€žα€Šα€»α€€ α€œα€› α€€α€± ပ α€±α€±α€Όα€± α€±α€±α€Όα€± ပ ဖငျ α€” နပႏ ငငကရရ စပ ြပ α€±α€› စပနကက α€” ပ α€”α€› α€›α€›α€› α€žα€Šα€» α€€ နတ α€”α€› α€žα€”α€› α€”α€›α€•α€œα€Š α€±α€”α€› α€€ α€± ပေနရ α€€ α€± α€•α€œα€• α€™ α€»

Page 14: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

α€»α€›α€•α€œα€•α€±α€€ α€›α€› α€žα€Šα€» တ တႏ ငငကဦး၏ စပ ြပ α€±α€› တြင α€±α€ž α€„α€±α€±α€žα€• α€… တ င α€α€±α€žα€• α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€” နပႏ ငငကတြင α€›α€› α€± α€±α€žα€• တ တႏ ငငကဦး၏ းပေ နပက α€€ စပ ြပ တေနရပ ႏ α€± α€žα€” α€›α€•α€ž α€žα€” α€›α€•α€ž α€” α€€α€žα€Όα€±α€”α€Šα€» α€œα€” ေၾကပင တေ α€± ဖငျ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ တ α€” ျပ α€±α€žα€• α€” နပႏ ငငက α€± ပက င α€€α€” α€± α€±α€›α€› α€±α€€ ပက α€– α€±α€› α€€ α€€α€” တ တကေရ α€€ တ တကေရ α€€ α€” စပ α€± ဖြေရပ α€›α€› α€± α€žα€Šα‹

α€± α€±α€±α€€α€€ စြပ α€›α€œα€› င တ တစ α€›α€€ α€” နပႏ α€„α€„α€€α€žα€Š α€žα€ α€” ပ ျပ α€›α€žα€Šα€» α€” တေ α€Ό တ တ နရတန α€– α€–α€…α€”α€± α€œα€› င င α€± α€” α€± ေပကနးတေ α€–α€…α€”α€œα€•α€±α€…α€› α€±α€žα€± ပေစေရ α€… တပ α€»α€€α€ž α€± α€±α€žα€Šα‹ တ တႏ ငငကတ တႏ ငငက α€± ဖငျ α€±α€… α€α€±α€œα€› ပကတြင င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€€ α€žα€±α€Όα€•α€€ α€”α€Š α€–α€…α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š ႏ ငငကတကပဦး၏ αΎα€žα‚ ငငကတကပဦး၏ αΎα€žα€‘α€•α€œαšα€” α€” ႏ α€„α€±α€žα€• α€± α€€α‚‘α€€ α€» α€ž α€” ရင င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€œ င စာက α€œ င စာက α€±α€›α€›α€€α€žα€Όα€• α€žα€Š ႏရငျနရ ကေဖပေ α€± ငေ α€žα€Šα‹ တ တႏ ငငကက တ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င တေ ႏရငျ α€€ းင α€±α€žα€• α€€α€žα€Όα€±α€”α€Έα€›α€› α€± ပ α€± α€± α€€α€žα€Όα€±α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€€ α€œα€Š α€œα€Όα€±α€α€€ α€…α€Ό α€”α€œαšα€α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Š နးတ ေ။ တ တႏ ငငက တြက α€€ နကနရပ α€”α€α€Šα€„ α€”α€±α€ž α€±α€žα€• α€±α€… α€±α€… α€± α€žα€± ပ α€» α€± ႏ ငနးန ပ α€±α€œ ပျက ပ α€± ပကတ င α€ž α€”α€”α€Έα€ž နနးတ ဂ ႏ ငငကဦး၏ α€€ စပ ြပ α€” ပ စပ α€» မငေရပက α€œα€•α€žα€Šα€€ α€”α€„α€›α€”α€Šα€€ α€… α€› α€”α€± ေင α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€”αΎα€€α€•α€±α€ž နပက α€žα€Όα€• α€±α€›α€•α€€α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• α€± ပေပင α€…αΎα€€α€Šα€¦α€Έα တ တတ တႏ ငငကေရပ စာက တ တစ ရဦး၏ α€… α€› α€” α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€€ α€žα€€α€žα€•α€±α€…α€±α€›α€» α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹ α€” နပႏ ငငကဦး၏ α€± α€± ေပ ပဏပက ကပကြေေ စာ တ တႏ ငငက α€± ဖငျ ဦး၏ αΎα€žα€¦α€Έα αΎα€žα€‘α€•α€œαšα€” α€” α€”α€Έα€€ နရငျတငရင ဦး၏ α€”α€› α€€ α€±α€žα€•α€± ရပက ေတြနရရ α€› α€œα€Ό α€±α€› α€± α€œα€• α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹ α‚α€›α€…α€Όα€€α€œα€€ ငေ ႏ α€„α€žα€Šα€» α€œα€• α€œα€•α€” ပ α€œα€Š α€›α€› α€± α€±α€žα€Šα‹

α€” နပႏ ငငကနရ α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€Έ α€€ α€” ပ α€€ ပရရဦး၏ င α€›α€› α€€ α€± α€žα€” ပ α€»α€›α€”α€› တေတြင α€›α€› α€± ေင α€–α€…α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š α€–α€…α€±α€žα€•α€œα€Š ႉကပ α€€ α€± α€€ α€±α€žα€• α€…α€€α€”α€Έα€±α€α€•α€œα€› α€±α€› တေဦး၏ α€±α€Ό α€α€Όα€„α€œα€Š α€€ α€œ α€€ α€›α€› α€± α€žα€Šα‹

α€” နပျစပ ြပ α€±α€› ာါနေ နပက α€–α€…α€žα€œ ေပ α€€ စါန ပ ႏရငျ တ တေရ ႉကပ α€±α€žα€• α€± ကနရပ စပ ြပ α€±α€› ႏရငျ α€„α€±α€žα€• α€€ စါန ပ α€€ စါန ပ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ ပ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» ႏရစန ပ တြင α€€ α€œ α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€± α€Ό ေႏြ α€Όα€›α€” ပ တြင စပ ြပ α€±α€› α€€ α€œα€€α€…α€• ြပ α€±α€› α€€ α€œα€€ α€™ ပ α€± α€± α€œα€› ျပ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα‹ α€» α€ž α€” α€€ α€± α€› ေင ေၾကပင တစ တတ င နရပ တေ α€€ α€» α€ž α€–α€» α€ž ဖငျ တ င ရင α€žα€• α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€…α€Š α€” ပ ၾကပ တြင တ တ α€”α€€ α€… α€›α€€ α€™α€±α€±α€› ႉက စပ α€”α€Šα€€ α€… α€› α€”α€± ေရျၾက ေင ေၾကပငျ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€” α€œα€›α€€α€” α€œα€›α€” α€œα€•α€”α€Šα€» α€€α€Šα€•α€” ပ α€ž နနးတ စပ ြပ α€±α€› ရင ႏရပ α€”α€› ႏရပ α€”α€› ႏရကနးန ပ α€€ α€žα€ နဦး၏ ႏ ငငကေရ စပ စာန ပ α€€ ပ α€±α€œ α€•α€»α€žα€Όα€• α€±α€…α€”α€Šα€€ α€… α€› နၾက ေငစ α€› နၾက ေင α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ ပ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» α€± ပကေၾကပင α€” ပ α€› αΎα€€α€Šα€»α€”α€Š α€œα€› င α€žα€ α€”α€¦α€Έαα€žα€ နဦး၏ α€… α€› α€”α€”α€Έα€€ ပ α€œα€Šα‚ α€„α€”α€Š α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

Page 15: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

တေ α€α€Š နရပ င စပ ြပ α€±α€› α€€ စါန ပ ႏရငျ α€α€žα€€ ြငျ α€Όα€„α€»α€œα€„ α€”α€„α€žα€•α€±α€žα€• α€± α€Ό ေႏြ α€”α€Έ α€”α€›α€› ေင α€€ α€”α€›α€› ေင α€€ α€± ပေ ပကကြေတြင α€œ α€±α€žα€• α€žα€±α€Όα€•α€α€Šα€•α€± α€€α€” ပ α€…α€… ပ α€€α€•α€œα€± ရပန ပ တြင α€” α€” α€€ α€±α€€ α€α€Όα€€α€žα€• α€œα€•α€”α€œα€•α€”α€Šα€» ႏ ငငက ေပ ရင ႏရပ α€”α€› ႏရကနးန ပ α€€ α€žα€• α€–α€…α€œα€•α€±α€…α€±α€›α€» ပ α€–α€…α€œα€•α€±α€…α€±α€›α€» ပ α€± α€žα€±α€€ α€ž င α€™ င နရပ α€žα€ နဦး၏ α€Όα€™α€€ α€± ပင α€œα€›α€± α€”α€Šα€» စပ ြပ α€±α€› ႏရငျ α€α€žα€€ α€Š င α€α€žα€€ α€Š ငေနရ α€žα€• α€± ပ ႏ α€„α€±α€α€•α€»α€žα€Šα‹

α€» α€” င စပ ြပ α€±α€› းေျပငျက α€± α€œα€› α€±α€›α€» ေင ေၾကပငျ င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› တြက α€œα€• α€œα€• α€±α€œα€• α€œα€• ေကပင α€€ ေျပကက α€” ပ α€… α€€ α€›α€…α€±α€…α€±α€›α€»α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Š α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€” နပႏ ငငကတြင င α€” α€± နင α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€± α€Ό ေႏြ α€”α€Έα€€ ေစႏရစ α€± ပ α€± α€œ α€±α€›α€» ပ ေစႏရစန ပ စြပ α€›α€› α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» α€›α€› α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» α€… ေတ α€› α€…α€›α€±α€› α€”α€›α€•α€œα€Š α€œ α€” α€–α€…α€±α€›α€» ေ။ α€±α€± α€”α€± ဦး၏ α€€α€Όα€› ပ ေပ ပ နးနရပ တ င α€Šα€€ α€œα€› င α€”α€œα€› င α€” α€€ α€žα€Όα€„α€€ α€± ပင α€± ႏ α€„α€”α€Šα€» စပ ြပ α€±α€› α€±α€Όα€„α€»α€œα€” α€” ပ α€›α€› α€± ေင α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€± α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€± α€…α€Όα€” ငက α€» ေရပကစြပ α€žα€€ ေင α€€ င α€” α€± င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€α€Šα€±α€•α€€α€›α€•α€α€Όα€„ α€±α€› α€±α€žα€Šα€» α€Š α€œα€” တေ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€± ပက α€€ α€± α€žα€Šα€”α€›α€• α€± α€•α€€α€œα€•α€”α€Šα€» α€™ ႏရစ α€ž နနးတ ႏရစ ၂မ တြင တြင တြင တြင α€± α€žα€α€Όα€„ စပ စပ ြပ α€±α€› α€€ α€”α€Šα€ž α€” α€–α€…α€œα€•α€”α€Šα€€ α€± ပႏ α€„α€”α€Šα€» α€±α€œα€»α€œα€• α€±α€œα€»α€œα€• α€…α€…α€”α€Έ α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€Όα€› ပ ေပ ပ α€žα€Šα€» ႉကပ ျြပ α€œα€•α€±α€žα€• α€Έ စပ ြပ စပ ြပ α€±α€› တေ ႏရငျ α€±α€… ဖတေက ပ α€€α€žα€Όα€±α€”α€Έα€” ပ ၂ α€±α€œα€€ ႏရငျ α€± တကရရ α€±α€žα€•) α€± α€žα€α€Όα€„ စပ ြပ α€±α€› α€” ပ စပ ြပ α€±α€› α€” ပ တြက α€±α€›α€Ό α€± α€± စရပန ပ α€€ α€±α€…α€»α€… α€Šα€› ႏ းင α€žα€” ပ α€€ α€œα€€α€›α€› α€œα€€α€›α€› α€± ျပ ပ င ေပ α€±α€Όα€›α€±α€™ ေင α€€ ပ α€€α€… α€€ ေင α€”α€› ကင α€±α€™ ေပင ေျပကက α€± ႏ α€„α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€± ႏ α€„α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Š α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

ပ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€»α‚α€›α€… ေပကတ α€Όα€•α€œα€€ α€œα€€α€”α€›α€α€±α€› α€» α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» တႏ α€„α€„α€€α€œα€€ တ င တပ ဖငျ α€… ေတရ α€…α€› α€… ေတရ α€…α€›α€±α€› α€žα€±α€Όα€•α€α€Šα€•α€± α€€ NCA) တြင α€žα€•α€” α€Šα€žα€ နဦး၏ ြြမတ တက ေကပင α€”α€Ό α€±α€› တြက α€± ေင ေပငရြကရ α€€α€”α€› α€€α€”α€› α€”α€Έα€α€žα€Šα€» ကတ ကမတန ပ ေမငေ α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα‹ α€± ၾကပ ကပေပငရြကနးန ပ α€€ ေကပေကပင α€»α€Š ေဖပရ ပ ျတနးန ပ α€€ စႏစႏ α€„α€žα€Š α€›α€€α€±α€œ α€”α€› α€žα€• α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹ α€… ေတရ α€…α€›α€±α€› α€€ ေကပင α€”α€Ό စြပ α€» α€ž α€”α€» α€ž α€” ျပ ႏ α€„α€±α€žα€• α€” နပႏ ငငကဦး၏ ေရရေတပင င တြင α€±α€›α€›α€ž နတငျ တကႏ ငေရ တြက α€±α€› ႉကပ α€žα€Šα€» α€± α€±α€› ႉကပ α€žα€Šα€» α€± ကနရပ စပ ြပ α€±α€› စပ စာန ပ ႏရငျ α€α€žα€€ α€œα€› α€žα€±α€Όα€•α€α€Šα€•α€”α€Έα€” ပ α€›α€› α€žα€›α€› α€žα€„α€» α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€‚α€‘α€œ α€€ ရင ႏရပ α€”α€› ႏရကနးႏရငျ ႏ ငငကတကပဦး၏ α€€α€Šα€•α€” ပ α€± ေင ျပ α€žα€Šα€» α€± စပ စာန ပ α€± စပ စာန ပ α€€ α€± α€žα€±α€€ α€Šα€žα€” ပ ဦး၏ α€€ စပ ြပ α€€ နရငျတငႏ α€„α€žα€œ α€œα€€ α€€α€€ င တ ဖြရနတ α€–α€Όα€›α€”α€” ပ ၾကပ α€α€Όα€„α€œα€Š α€±α€€αΎα€€α€Šα€”α€Έα€€ α€α€Šα€±α€•α€€α‚ α€„α€”α€Š α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹

α€±α€± α€±α€± α€” နပႏ α€„α€„α€€α€žα€Š α€œα€Όα€α€œ α€±α€› α€›α€›α€› α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» α€¬αˆ ေႏရစေ ပက င တြင င α€” α€± α€” α€±α€› α€›α€›α€› α€› α€”α€Šα€žα€Šα€» α€± α€”α€Šα€žα€Šα€» α€± α€»α€€α€” α€” ပ α€€ α€žα€Šα€» α€± α€±α€± တြင α€›α€› α€± α€±α€žα€Šα‹ α€±α€›α€›α€›α€Š နငႏရငျ α€œα€•α€”α€Šα€»α€œ တြင တြင

Page 16: Thant Myint-U: The Big Picture Beyond Myanmars Peace Process

တြင တြင α€›α€› α€œα€•α€”α€Šα€» α€€α€Όα€› ပ ေပ ပ α€žα€Šα€» α€žα€€α€α€” α€Š α€œα€” α€” ပ α€€α€± α€›α€›α€› ႏ α€„α€±α€›α€»α€œα€› င) α€€ α€± ပင α€œα€›α€”α€Έ α€± ပင α€œα€›α€”α€Έ ပ α€œα€€ α€€ α€œ α€± α€±α€œ α€”α€»α€”α€Šα‹

(αΎα€žα€‚α€α€œ α‚αˆ α€›α€€α€± α€”α€€ Nikkei Asian Review တြင ေဖပ ျပ α€±α€žα€• α€ž α€” နငျ ဦး၏ Thant Myint-U – Myanmar beyond the peace process α€€ ႏ ငနင α€žα€Όα€„ α€Όα€•α€žα€• α€žα€Šα‹ α€ž α€” နငျ α€žα€Š α€žα€” င α€Šα€•α€›α€›α€„ စပေရ ရပ တေေပက α€–α€… ပ α€± ပက α€€ α€±α€› α€žα€• α€±α€›α€»α€±α€žα€• စပ နရပ ၂မာ α€± ႏရစက α€»α€α€±α€™α€±α€›α€»α€žα€Šα€» Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia α€–α€…α€žα€Šα‹)