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Global Manufacturing & The Garment Industry
Fraying at The Edges
Overview
- Intro/Thesis- History - Economics- Political/Legal- Ethics/Culture- Critical Thinking
Demystification
When you pull on a sweater or a shirt, you are tugging at a thousand or possibly a million threads and seams, all working together to cover you. Different colors from different places from different ideals. But if you look closely those same threads could fray apart if not taken care of or watched out for.
Introduction
Thesis
Unless a broad understanding of global manufacturing, from its economic, political, legal, and cultural environments, is thought of in a holistic and human way, the troubled parts of the condition, the child slavery, the horrendous work conditions, and rampant waste will slowly fray the whole, like a falling thread off a tattered sweater.
History - Pre-Industrial
- Majority of Garment Production is Local
- Only Global Market Was SpecialtyCentered in IndiaSilk & Cotton Luxuries
- North American & European ProductionWoolen Items Standard
- Global Trade Small & Barter Common
History - Industrial Revolution
- Mass Production Process InitiatedRaw Materials Shipped From Far Corners of Globe (India, Africa, etc.) to England for Finishing
- Regulations First Implemented
- Finished Products Consumed Locally and Shipped Globally
History - Present Day
Past is PresentWest pays the East to Grow and Finish Clothing
Past is PresentDesigned to Further Enrich the West because the Work is Given to the East because it is Cheaper
Economics - Overview$0 $125 $250 $375 $500
Apparel
Personal Care
Jewelry
Footwear
Global Revenue (Millions)
Imports
0
18
35
53
70
Cambodia El Salvador Bangledesh Sri Lanka Mauratis Lesoto Dominican Republic Honduras
Clothing Exports as a Percentage Share of Economy's Total Merchandise Exports
Exports
Economics - Trends
- Outsourcing AnewDomestic/Overseas Hybrids and Onsite Quality Assurance & Design
- Consolidation of CompaniesManufacturers Restructuring to Cut Losses
- Working ConditionsSweatshop Codes Getting Better But Labor Abuse Hard to Police
- Semi-Automated EquipmentHand Work Finally Being Replaced
Economics - Business Outlook
- Foreign Product Drives Economics Cheaper Labor Means Big Business
- Large Retailers DominantLarger Portion of Retail Means Smaller Manufacturers Out of Businesses
- Profit Margins LowBrand Name Only Thing That Secures Higher Profits
- Trade Regulation Has EffectsQuotas and Tariffs Play Large Role
Economics - Paid How Much?
Political/Legal - US Worker Standards
Bureau of Fire Prevention (City / State Level)
- Required fire alarms, hoses, stairwells, sprinklers- Determined Maximum Occupancy- Outlawed Smoking in Factories- Conducts Building Inspection- Passed Bills on worker injury, child labor, break periods, etc.
Political/Legal - US Worker Standards
American Society of Safety Engineers (Country Level)
- Created months after Triangle Fire (1911)- Oldest professional safety society- Secretariat for American National Standards Institute - Safety Requirements for Construction- Health and Safety for Ventilation Systems- Occupational Health and Safety Systems
Political/Legal - International Labor Organization
- Founded in 1919 as an UN agency- Annual International Labour Conference- Compiles labor statistics for over 200 countries- Notable adopted conventions:
Right to Organize Convention – 1948Equal Remuneration Convention (Equal Pay) – 1951Minimum Age Convention – 1973Labour Inspection Convention - 1947Occupational Safety & Health Convention - 1981
Political/Legal - Spotlight: China
“Accident Prone” article – June 2013- 120 deaths, 70 injured in workforce of 300- Two of three exits locked to prevent excess breaks- Management / President of China play the blame game- Protesters gather the next morning outside building
Political/Legal - Spotlight: China
“Accident Prone” article – June 2013- 120 deaths, 70 injured in workforce of 300- Two of three exits locked to prevent excess breaks- Management / President of China play the blame game- Protesters gather the next morning outside building
“End of Cheap Labor” article – June 2013- Fast Rising wages, worker activism, labor shortages- Growth in working age population sharply declining
Ethics - Overview
Commerce Commonality
Culture
Ethics - Commerce
- Jobs vs. Slavery, Economy vs. Squalor
Sweat Shops Still Making Your Clothes
- Tangled Web of GarmentsGarment Manufacturing Large Part of Country Economies
- Clothing ChoicesFast Fashion Makes Fast Waste
Ethics - Commonality
- Fair Trade on the RisePaying Higher Price for Higher Values
- Labor Practices Becoming Paramount
Garment Manufacturing Large Part of Country Economies
- Positive ThreadsHigher Standards could Mean Better Treatment
Ethics - Culture
- Cultural TrimmingsUsing Ethnicities to Drive Fashion
- Consumption CultureGarment Manufacturing Large Part of Country Economies
- Clash of CivilizationsManufacturing Fills World with Westernized Fashion
Critical Thinking - Demystification
Critical Thinking - Demystification
Critical Thinking - Demystification
Conclusion- History Tells Us of Markets and Exchange:
How Different is It?
- Garment Manufacturing Has to Make Cents But Make Sense
- We Must Look to Make Garment Manufacturing Safe, Honest, and Fair for Everyone Involved
- Ethical Conduct Must Be Explored Holistically, from Different Countries to Different Ideals
Mending the Frays Together
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