PRACTICAL PURPOSES OF PRACTICAL PURPOSES OF MUD LOGGING MUD LOGGING

By: Elharith Mohamed By: Elharith Mohamed EleasilyEleasily

CHINA NATIONAL CHINA NATIONAL LOGGING CORPORATIONLOGGING CORPORATION

MUD LOGGING DEFINITIONMUD LOGGING DEFINITION::

MUD LOGGING is serve to provides MUD LOGGING is serve to provides monitor well site activities and to monitor well site activities and to analyze the drilling cuttings for lithology analyze the drilling cuttings for lithology identification and hydrocarbon identification and hydrocarbon evaluation. The resulting plots of those evaluation. The resulting plots of those activities and cutting analysis versus activities and cutting analysis versus depth is termed a MUD LOG. depth is termed a MUD LOG.

Mud logging:Mud logging: IIs a useful evaluation technique that s a useful evaluation technique that has developed since the advent of has developed since the advent of

rotary drilling in the 1920s. Since rotary drilling in the 1920s. Since mud circulates constantly during mud circulates constantly during drilling, mud logging can provide drilling, mud logging can provide information on a continuous information on a continuous formation evaluation. formation evaluation.

THE GOAL OF MUD LOGGING? THE GOAL OF MUD LOGGING?

- Primary objective is delineating Primary objective is delineating

hydrocarbon (shows & gas), necessary hydrocarbon (shows & gas), necessary service also that to introduce high service also that to introduce high qualitatively and quantitatively obtains data qualitatively and quantitatively obtains data from drilling as reference guide, and makes from drilling as reference guide, and makes observations of drilled rocks, drilling fluids observations of drilled rocks, drilling fluids and drilling parameters in order to and drilling parameters in order to formulate and display concepts of the formulate and display concepts of the optional, the mud logging unit is the optional, the mud logging unit is the information data base on the rig site to information data base on the rig site to serve both exploration and drilling program.serve both exploration and drilling program.

Purpose MUD LOGGING Purpose MUD LOGGING involves:involves:

- Observing drilling efficiency, Observing drilling efficiency, depth and ROP, lag time depth and ROP, lag time determination. determination.

- Comprehensive formation Comprehensive formation evaluation, evaluation, cuttings sampling cuttings sampling and lithological description. and lithological description.

- - Gas sampling and analysis. Gas sampling and analysis. - Apply drilling safety.- Apply drilling safety.

The mud logging unit crew should be The mud logging unit crew should be able to provide:able to provide:

_ Personnel trained in the interpretation of all _ Personnel trained in the interpretation of all derived data, capable of providing interpretation derived data, capable of providing interpretation and observations to the well site geologist and to and observations to the well site geologist and to the company man.the company man.

_ Monitor drilling parameters and abnormal events._ Monitor drilling parameters and abnormal events._ Monitor mud properties and the pit volumes._ Monitor mud properties and the pit volumes._ Monitor gas and its components using FID, _ Monitor gas and its components using FID,

Chromatograph-Integrator, CO2and H2S.Chromatograph-Integrator, CO2and H2S._ Data processing, storage, display and _ Data processing, storage, display and

transmission to oil company in town.transmission to oil company in town._ Print out, store and display mud logs, pressure _ Print out, store and display mud logs, pressure

logs and other logs needed at the well site.logs and other logs needed at the well site._ Perform specialized tests and analyses._ Perform specialized tests and analyses.

MUD LOGGING UNITSMUD LOGGING UNITS

Common types of units:Common types of units: Drillbyte mud logging unit.Drillbyte mud logging unit. Advantage mud logging unit. Advantage mud logging unit.

Type one:Type one: DrillByte system is Baker Hughes INTEQ’s wellsite geological and engineering information management service.

A totally integrated information service is an essential factor in successfully locating hydrocarbons while drilling exploration and development wells safely and economically. The provision of useful information in a timely manner requires the DrillByte system approach to data management through a central integrated database which can store all the engineering and geological information.

Information output from DrillByte is displayed in a format that is easily interpreted so operational decisions can be made correctly and quickly.

DrillByte uses a high-resolution graphic user-interface (GUI) to simplify operation of the system for local and remote users. This GUI enables the users to concentrate on interpretation and evaluation.

Advanced, but user friendly engineering and geological applications are provided with the DrillByte service for processing the data to enhance the evaluation process.

DrillByte OverviewDrillByte Overview

DrillByte uses a multi-tasking, multi-user system, with a high resolution graphic interface, and runs on a client/server architecture.

DrillByte is divided into five major components:• Data Acquisition• Data Monitoring• Drilling Dynamics Monitoring• Information Management• MWD Processing

Data Acquisition SystemThe DrillByte Data Acquisition System (DAQ) provides high data ratesampling of surface and down hole sensors. It also provides signalconditioning and analog to digital conversion. Interfacing is provided to

separate data acquisition systems for MWD decoding, and high frequency data monitoring for drilling dynamics.

Data Monitoring SystemThe DrillByte Data Monitoring System performs the following functions.• Real-time Monitoring• Data monitoring with automatic rig status logic• Data logging of mud properties• Data recording directly to central database• Surface and MWD sensor data integrationReal-time Information Output• Alphanumeric and graphic displays• On-line plots and prints• Remote terminals providing direct user access• Data communications in real-time or batch modeInformation ManagementApplications• Geological data entry and analysis• Sophisticated plot output• Measured and Vertical depth plots, Displacement plots, Multiwell correlation

plots, Final composite plots, Report generator.

Engineering Assistance Programs• Mud hydraulics analysis• Bit optimization• Well control• Directional survey analysis• Torque and Drag analysis• Formation Pressure analysisMWD Processing• Real time data processing• Tool communications• Memory data processing• Log presentation

Type two:Type two: Advantage mud logging Advantage mud logging unitunit

The main service feature is:The main service feature is:Minimum human interference:- Random errors minimized, best accuracy.More time for interpretation & More time for monitor.Fully computerized service:- High speed data processing (possible data transmission)Better presentation of data & On time decision making.Best possible equipment design:Maximum possible accuracy.Intrinsic safety:- Safety environment- Safety equipment & Efficient warning system.

The cabin should have been pre configured, the following is introduce of computers functions:

ADV1 : Real-time. machine which will run all data acquisition, real-time processing and data storage- Dlogger. This machine is to be left to these core programs and not used for reports or pit monitoring.

ADV2 : Monitoring & Rig link Sever. machine which the Data engineer will do pit monitoring with RtPlot and Riglink IE6. He can also do reports and make logs with case.

ADV3 : Mud logger. machine is for inputting lithologies into GEO and producing logs with CASE. Can also run IE6 rig link or RtPlot for monitoring the well.

ADV4 : Database. Machine is set aside purely to run Server and Riglink server applications. Nothing including IE6 should be run.

ADV5 : Displays. computer for replicating the (VGA) display to the drill floor, tool pusher and geologist and company man via Black box repeaters or VGA splitters.

As real time monitoring system the As real time monitoring system the units is renewal and update timely, units is renewal and update timely, two types of units connecting directly two types of units connecting directly to office client and department office to office client and department office by (RDT) system real data transfer.by (RDT) system real data transfer.

The drilling data convert while drilling The drilling data convert while drilling by electrical sensors locate in rig part by electrical sensors locate in rig part and connected on unit, the unit and connected on unit, the unit system is responsible to analyze system is responsible to analyze sensors information to parameters as sensors information to parameters as two type digital number and curves. two type digital number and curves.

SensorSensor typestypes1.Block Height:1.Block Height:2.Hook load2.Hook load3.Stand pipe pressure / casing pressure 3.Stand pipe pressure / casing pressure 4.Rotary torque 4.Rotary torque 5.Pit volume5.Pit volume6.Rotary table speed and pump stroke speed6.Rotary table speed and pump stroke speed7.Mud temperature7.Mud temperature8.Mud density8.Mud density9.Mud conductivity9.Mud conductivity10.Mud flow out10.Mud flow out11.H11.H22S SensorS Sensor

Sensors functionSensors function1. 1. Block height: Monitor the position of the traveling block, Block height: Monitor the position of the traveling block,

operate as ROP indicator Measure depth, locate in the operate as ROP indicator Measure depth, locate in the draw work.draw work.

2.2. Hook load: Measure the tension on the cable from draw Hook load: Measure the tension on the cable from draw work, location: deadline.work, location: deadline.

3. SPP: the system measure the pressure of mud on the standpipe, locate in stand pipe pressure.

4. Rotary torqueRotary torque measure torque being applied to the drill string, location: Rotary table or top drive motor power cable.

5. Pit volumePit volume measure the ultrasonic transmitter time to calculate the mud in the tank, location: mud pit.

6. Rotary table system: technical data: Sensor type: Proximity switch, measure range: 0 ～ 300 rpm/spm.

Sensors function continueSensors function continue7.7. Mud temperature system: Mud temperature system: use resistance change (Pt) to

measure mud temperature.8. Mud Density Measuring System: Mud Density Measuring System: the system use twin remote

diaphragm sensors to measures mud density in and out, location: In-section pit, Out-Shale shake.

9. Mud Conductivity Measuring System: Mud Conductivity Measuring System: a probe type sensor is used to measure an induced current in the mud loop, location: In-section pit, Out-Shale shake.

10. Mud flow out systemMud flow out system : a variable position paddle is used to measure the amount of mud in the flow line quantity, location: flow line.

11. H2S sensor: H2S sensor: technical Data: Sensor type: electrochemical measure range: 0 ～ 100 ppm, Signal output: Computer, alarms

Location: Rig floor, shale shaker, caller, mud logging unit.

Gas systemGas systemMajor purpose data supplied by mud logging Major purpose data supplied by mud logging

is gas data, a mud logging consist of gas is gas data, a mud logging consist of gas system to determine gas data after system to determine gas data after complex measurement, gas system complex measurement, gas system involve:involve:

_ Chromatograph._ Chromatograph._ Degasser._ Degasser._ Hydrogen._ Hydrogen._ Air compressor._ Air compressor._ FID component._ FID component._ CO2 sensor._ CO2 sensor.

GAS SYSTEMGAS SYSTEM

MUDLOGGING PERSONNEL MUDLOGGING PERSONNEL DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIESDUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIESDATA ENGINEER( Unit leader).DATA ENGINEER( Unit leader).The Unit leader is the senior mud logging engineer on The Unit leader is the senior mud logging engineer on

the location. He has primary responsibility for the the location. He has primary responsibility for the maintenance, management and provision of service maintenance, management and provision of service by the logging unit, its equipment and personnel to by the logging unit, its equipment and personnel to the client.the client.

Mud Logger.Mud Logger.He is responsible for the maintenance and correct He is responsible for the maintenance and correct

operation of the equipment. He is responsible for the operation of the equipment. He is responsible for the collection and presentation of the information collection and presentation of the information monitored in accordance with company standard monitored in accordance with company standard procedures and customer requirements to ensure a procedures and customer requirements to ensure a high quality service.high quality service.

Sample Examination and DescriptionSample Examination and Description

Purpose of sample description:Purpose of sample description:

Sample describe to observe :Sample describe to observe :

_ Lithology._ Lithology._ Hydrocarbon shows._ Hydrocarbon shows._ Porosity._ Porosity._ Other geological properties. _ Other geological properties.

The materials supplies for proper sample The materials supplies for proper sample examination at the well site is update examination at the well site is update timely, below are some additional timely, below are some additional comments on the equipments and supplies comments on the equipments and supplies to ensure they acceptable standards. to ensure they acceptable standards.

BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE:BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE: To observed cutting samples type and To observed cutting samples type and

distributions of grain include accessories distributions of grain include accessories minerals, binocular magnification range minerals, binocular magnification range from 5x to 30x, accordingly must have from 5x to 30x, accordingly must have grain size comparator to determine grain grain size comparator to determine grain size.size.

FLUORSCOPE:FLUORSCOPE: This is ULTRAVIALOT light box an This is ULTRAVIALOT light box an

important part for oil on cutting important part for oil on cutting detector, the 3600A wave length is detector, the 3600A wave length is standard for UV inspection, with the standard for UV inspection, with the fluoroscope an organic solvent used fluoroscope an organic solvent used to distinguish between hydrocarbon to distinguish between hydrocarbon and mineral fluorescence. and mineral fluorescence.

Check sample under UVCheck sample under UV

Solvent Cut TestSolvent Cut Test

Chemicals Used For The Solvent Cut Chemicals Used For The Solvent Cut Test: Test:

The solvent cut test is useful inThe solvent cut test is useful indetermining the quality of the show. determining the quality of the show.

You can use different solvents for You can use different solvents for this test: this test:

carbon tetrachloride (tetra carbon tetrachloride (tetra chloromethane, per chloromethane).chloromethane, per chloromethane).

_ chloroform (dichloromethane)._ chloroform (dichloromethane)._ ethylene dichloride (sym -_ ethylene dichloride (sym -

dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethylene chloride, Dutch oil).ethylene chloride, Dutch oil).

_ ethylene chloride (ethylene _ ethylene chloride (ethylene dichloride, dichloromethane).dichloride, dichloromethane).

_ 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl _ 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform, chlorothene). chloroform, chlorothene).

_ 1-1-2-trichloroethane (vinyl _ 1-1-2-trichloroethane (vinyl dichloride, beta-dichloromethane).dichloride, beta-dichloromethane).

_ trichloroethylene (ethylene _ trichloroethylene (ethylene dichloride, triclene, tri or TCE)._ dichloride, triclene, tri or TCE)._ Acetone.Acetone.

Example for residual oilExample for residual oil

CHEMICAL ACID:CHEMICAL ACID:A dilute hydrochloric acid (10%) is A dilute hydrochloric acid (10%) is recommended when examining recommended when examining samples. A carbonates staining samples. A carbonates staining solution of Alizarin red should be solution of Alizarin red should be available when drilling carbonates, available when drilling carbonates, Phenolphthalein can be use to Phenolphthalein can be use to detect casing cement.detect casing cement.

Chemical materialsChemical materials

CUTTINGCUTTING DESCRIPTIONS:DESCRIPTIONS:

Order Of Written Descriptions are Order Of Written Descriptions are written using abbreviations. The written using abbreviations. The AAPG standard set of abbreviations AAPG standard set of abbreviations are normally used, but some clients are normally used, but some clients would require that their own set of would require that their own set of abbreviations. abbreviations.

ATTENTION: THE GUIDE LINE DESCRIPITON ATTENTION: THE GUIDE LINE DESCRIPITON MUST FOLLOW: MUST FOLLOW:

Classification, color, hardness\in duration, Classification, color, hardness\in duration, grain size, grain shape, sorting, luster, grain size, grain shape, sorting, luster, cement\ matrix, visual porosity, accessories, cement\ matrix, visual porosity, accessories, hydrocarbon content. hydrocarbon content.

Examples:Examples: Sst:Sst: trnsl - trnsp, lt gy, off wh, uncons, vf - crs gr, trnsl - trnsp, lt gy, off wh, uncons, vf - crs gr,

subang - subrnd, mod w srtd, qtz, arg mtx, mica, subang - subrnd, mod w srtd, qtz, arg mtx, mica, glau, p-fr vis por, n vis o stn, tr spt fnt yel dir fluor, glau, p-fr vis por, n vis o stn, tr spt fnt yel dir fluor, tr slow strmg fnt mky wh cut fluor, no vis resd o. tr slow strmg fnt mky wh cut fluor, no vis resd o.

CLYST:CLYST: lt gy -med gy, occ dk gy, sbblky -blky, mod lt gy -med gy, occ dk gy, sbblky -blky, mod hd, mic mica, sl calc.hd, mic mica, sl calc.

Ls:Ls: oolitic grainstone, buff- brn, med gr, mod hd, oolitic grainstone, buff- brn, med gr, mod hd, arg, Brach, glau, gd vis por, no oil shows.arg, Brach, glau, gd vis por, no oil shows.

According to environmental deposition According to environmental deposition formation color change, that indicate formation color change, that indicate for formation top some time, the for formation top some time, the following is depositional color origins:following is depositional color origins:

_ Red and brown back to oxidizing _ Red and brown back to oxidizing environment.environment.

_ Green and grey spouse to be _ Green and grey spouse to be reducing environment.reducing environment.

_ dark brown possible to be source _ dark brown possible to be source rock.rock.

_ black color indicate for anaerobic _ black color indicate for anaerobic environment. environment.

Sample types:Sample types: The several sample types is:The several sample types is:_ Wet un wash samples._ Wet un wash samples._ Wash and dried samples._ Wash and dried samples._ Geochemical samples._ Geochemical samples._ Paleontological / samples ( bios rat _ Paleontological / samples ( bios rat

sample).sample)._ Metal shavings._ Metal shavings._ Mud samples. _ Mud samples.

Mud Log PresentationMud Log Presentation

A mud log in its essential form is an interpretative tool. A mud log in its essential form is an interpretative tool.

The production of a mud log requires consummate skill The production of a mud log requires consummate skill derived from a geological background, training and field derived from a geological background, training and field experience. experience.

A mud log should contain the following track: A mud log should contain the following track:

_ ROP/WOB track. _ ROP/WOB track. _ Depth track. _ Depth track. _ Cuttings litho logy track. _ Cuttings litho logy track. _ Gas track. _ Gas track. _ Chromatography track. _ Chromatography track. _ Oil show track. _ Oil show track. _ Interpreted litho logy track. _ Interpreted litho logy track. _ Lithology description_ Lithology description track.track.

MASTER LOG DESIGNMASTER LOG DESIGN

LAG TIME OR BOTTOM UP:LAG TIME OR BOTTOM UP:This a technique required for mud, gas or This a technique required for mud, gas or

other materials to travel from the bottom other materials to travel from the bottom of the hole to place at which they are of the hole to place at which they are collected.collected.

Purpose of lag time:Purpose of lag time:- InformationInformation’’s about litho logy and change s about litho logy and change

in facieses vs. depth interval.in facieses vs. depth interval.- Correlation of the cutting samples and gas Correlation of the cutting samples and gas

to the formation and depth at which they to the formation and depth at which they are originated.are originated.

- Geometry of the hole condition (caving or Geometry of the hole condition (caving or tight hole).tight hole).

LAG DEFINITIONLAG DEFINITIONLag define as Lag define as the time mud takes to travel inside the time mud takes to travel inside

the hole between two specified depth points.the hole between two specified depth points. The time taken between the surface to the The time taken between the surface to the

bottom of the hole is called lag down or Lag in. bottom of the hole is called lag down or Lag in. The time taken between the bottom of the hole The time taken between the bottom of the hole

to the surface is called lag-up or bottoms up.to the surface is called lag-up or bottoms up. The surface to surface time is called Complete The surface to surface time is called Complete

cycle or In/Out time.cycle or In/Out time.

Calculate methods types:Calculate methods types:There is two types of lag time checkThere is two types of lag time check- Lag time check manually.Lag time check manually.- Lag time check by computer. Lag time check by computer.

Lag time check by Lag time check by computercomputer

EQUATION:EQUATION:Theo: lag time:Theo: lag time: lag stroke lag stroke minutesminutes

total spmtotal spmAct: lag time:Act: lag time: cycle time cycle time –– down time down time minutesminutes

total spmtotal spm

Caving or tight hole:Caving or tight hole: Act: lag time Act: lag time –– Theo: lag time Theo: lag time x100x100 Theo: lag timeTheo: lag time

Lag time check manuallyLag time check manuallyLag Equations:Lag Equations: Converting Barrels Converting Barrels Gallons: Gallons:

Gallons (gal) = Barrels Gallons (gal) = Barrels ÎÎ 42 42 Converting Gallons Converting Gallons Barrels: Barrels:

Barrels (bbl) = Gallons Barrels (bbl) = Gallons ¸̧ 42 42 Calculating Pipe Volume:Calculating Pipe Volume:

V annu. = V hole - V drl.string (OD)

DOWN TIME = V drl string (ID)/ MUD FLOW IN

MUD FLOW IN = TOTAL SPM X VOLUME/STK(PUMP OUTPUT)

VOLUME/STK = LINER((ID)/2)2 X STK LENGTH X EV X 3 X 3.14(TRIPLEX)

LAG TIME CHECK

THEO. T. =V annu./ MUD FLOW IN

ACT. T. =CYCLE T.- DOWN TIMECAV.(%) = (ACT. T. - THEO. T.)/THEO. T

V = L X (D/2)2 X 3.14

V drill ing string =V DC + V HWDP +V DP (ID)V drill ing string = V DC + V HWDP +V DP (OD)

V hole = V csg + V open hole

Well profileWell profile

Hole

HWDP

DC

3"

8"

CSG(ID)

DP(ID)

5"

CSG.

Open hole

DP(OD)

2.875

DP

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