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Once we Muslims were great, can we be great again?
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Prof. Dr. Omar bin YaakobUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia
Once we were great, can we be great again?
A
610M 634M 661M 132H/749M 656H/1258M 1924M
2014B
C
D
E
F
G
HI
J
K
756H/1517M632M
Era Nabawi
Khulafa’ Arrashidin
Ummayyads
Abbassids
Era Uthmani
Present
Abbassids I ( 750 AD-1258 AD)
Abbassids II (1261AD-1517AD
Ottomans (1326-1924 A.D.)
Muslim Naval Power Muslim Naval Power
At one point, the Ottomans were controlling the whole of the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, The Black Sea, and some portions of the Indian Ocean, keeping check over the Portuguese exploits.
Forward Naval bases in Suez, Basra and on the Danube in Hungary.
Sultanate of Acheh in North Sumatra regarded itself as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire and to underscore this link, Sultan Suleyman and Selim II sent cannons and gun-making expertise to Acheh to help them in their fights against the Portuguese.
Used to attack the Portuguese colony in Malacca in 1568 and again in 1570 and 1573.
Omar Bin Yaakob, Mohamad Pauzi Abdul Ghani, Faizul Amri Adnan , A Review of Muslim Maritime Tradition, Perintis , Volume 3, No. 2, 1-15.
Muslim Naval Power Muslim Naval Power
Zheng He (Cheng Ho) from 1405 to 1433.
“His armada of giant junks was several times bigger than any of the fleets Columbus commanded nearly a century later. And his ships were five times longer than those of the celebrated Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. With more than 300 ocean-going vessels and a crew of nearly 30,000 men, Zheng He helped transform China into the region's, and perhaps the world's, 15th century superpower”.
Zheng He’s Voyages (1405-1433) Zheng He’s Voyages (1405-1433)
Records and Maps Records and Maps
Don’t forget.. Once we were rulers of the world!Don’t forget.. Once we were rulers of the world!
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (981 – 1037) Persian
Medicine, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy
Ibn Sina (contd.)
• Books– Al Qanun fi al- Tibb– Kitab al Shifa
(philosophical)……and many more
Ibn Sina… most influential in the field of medicine for about
600 yrs…
Zakariya Razi (Rhazes)(864 – 930), Persian
Medicine, ophthalmology, chemistry, astronomy
Zakariya Razi (contd.)
• Author of more than 200 books– Al-Hawi (20 volumes) - the most extensive
ever written by a medical man▫a collection of Greek-Syrian-Islamic medical
knowledge, ▫Used extensively in the West until 16th
century– Kitab al-Mansoori– Al-Judari wal Hasabah [smallpox and measles]…
Al Razi’s Medicine expertise is only comparable to Ibn Sina… &
His expertise in Chemistry is only comparable to Jabir Ibn Haiyyan
Ibn al-Nafis Dimashqi (1213-1288)
Anatomy, expert on Shafi'i School of Jurisprudence
Ibn al-Nafis (contd.)• Discovered the Pulmonary
circulation nearly 350 years before Sir William Harvey (yr 1616) of England
• first to describe the constitution of lungs, Bronchi, and the coronary arteries
• Purification of blood in the lungs where it was refined in contact with the air inhaled from the outer atmosphere
Abu-Raihan Biruni(973 – 1048), Persian
Medicine, Astronomy, Mathematics, Physics
Biruni (contd.)
• More than 146 Books of 20 different subjects– al-Qanun al-Masudi (astronomical
encyclopedia)– al-Tafhim-li-Awail Sina'at at-Tanjim
(Astrology)– Kitab-al-Hind – Kitab al-Jamahir (Geology)
“One of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times”
– George Sarton 1/707.
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)(965-1040), Basra, Iraq
Physics, optics, mathematics
al-Haytham (contd.)
• Father of modern optics • Discovered the laws of refraction… 600
years before W. Snell (Snell’s Law of Refraction)
• Introduced atmospheric refraction• First record of using glass lens for
magnification
Ibn al Haytham - The First Scientist - Alhazen Biography
• Known in the West as Alhazen, Alhacen, or Alhazeni, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham was the first person to test hypotheses with verifiable experiments, developing the scientific method more than 200 years before European scholars learned of it—by reading his books.
A devout Muslim, Ibn al-Haitham believed that human beings are flawed and only God is perfect. To discover the truth about nature, Ibn a-Haitham reasoned, one had to eliminate human opinion and allow the universe to speak for itself through physical experiments.
Ibn al Haytham - The First Scientist - Alhazen Biography
Where are we now?
Current Capability Current Capability
Country
Submarine
Carriers
Destroyers
Frigates
Corvettes
Fast Attack Craft
Mines Warfare Ship
Patrol Craft
Amphibious
Support
Turkey 20 - - 18 6 33 23 - - 4
Pakistan 8 - 11 42 - 44 15 34 - -
Indonesia 2 - - 16 16 17 11 10 6 15
Malaysia 2 - - 3 6 13 4 11 - 5
Israel 25 - - - 15 97 - 201 22 2
Greece 2 - 3 13 5 25 18 2 2 2
India 89 7 37 47 88 91 89 64 88 100
Singapore 4 - - - 6 12 4 6 4 3
Muslim Shipping Power Muslim Shipping Power
Rank Country No. of vessels Total thousands dwt tonnage (DWT)
1 Greece 3084 170181
2 Japan 3330 147507
3 Germany 2964 85043
4 China 3184 70390
5 Norway 1810 48697
6 United States 1766 48261
7 Hong Kong 689 45053
8 Rep of Korea 1041 32287
9 United Kingdom 855 26757
10 Singapore 794 25723
11 Taiwan 574 24858
12 Denmark 781 21878
13 Russia 2203 18106
14 Italy 739 15962
15 India 456 14817
16 Switzerland 370 12501
17 Belgium 226 12490
Rank Country No. of vesselsTotal thousands dwt tonnage (DWT)
18 Saudi Arabia 150 11861
19 Turkey 874 10927
20 Iran 184 9994
21 Netherlands 739 8745
22 United Arab Emirates 366 6919
23 Indonesia 793 6684
24 Malaysia 739 6657
25 Sweden 346 6418
26 Cyprus 222 6153
27 France 309 5965
28 Canada 340 5945
29 Brazil 151 4875
30 Kuwait 68 4783
World total 34822 978557
Muslim Shipping Power Muslim Shipping Power
Where we are in 2012[December 2012 Statistics]
57 OIC States
• 22.5% of the total world population or 1.613 billion
South Korea
• 51 million
• GDP is USD 1.5 Trillion
• 5.4% of GDP
• GDP is USD 9980 Billion
• GERD - 0.81% for 57 OIC countries
• Top 5 most developed • 22 are OIC member states are among the 50 least developed
R & D Intensity (%)
R & D Intensity of OIC States vs the World
"during the heyday of islam, the muslims were not only a dominant political and military force but were also leaders in learning and research…..the world was totally under its sway and superiority of muslim thought, philosophy and culture was universally acknowledged…. the wheel has since turned a full circle and today the muslims themselves have come to believe that all knowledge and culture belongs to the west and that the rest of mankind can live only on the crumbs of western philosophy and science and can progress only if it follows in the footsteps of the west”
Inaugural address of Abul A’la Maududi entitled “The Nature of Islamic Research” at the Islamic Research Academy, Karachi on September 23 1963.
28
The Benchmark – Where we should be
Jazakumullahu khair..