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Management of Behavioural Crisis in Children with Developmental Issues Dr. Norharlina Bahar Child & Adolescent Psychiatrist Hospital Selayang 29 August 2014

Management of behavioural crises

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Page 1: Management of behavioural crises

Management  of  Behavioural  Crisis  in  Children  with  Developmental  Issues  

Dr.  Norharlina  Bahar  Child  &  Adolescent  Psychiatrist  

Hospital  Selayang  29  August  2014  

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Outline  

•  What?  •  Causes  •  PrevenJon  •  Management:  –  Before  –  In  the  midst  – ALer  

•  Pharmacotherapy  •  Causes  of  ID  and  behavioural  paNern  

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What  is  behavioural  crisis?  

•  In  full  meltdown  mode  

•  The  child  is  not  capable  of  reasoning,  being  redirected,  or  learning  replacement  skills.  

•  One  off  or  frequently  or  ongoing?  

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Challenging  Behaviour  in  Children  with  Developmental  Issues  

•  2  –  3  x  more  common  (CorbeN,  1979;  Richardson  1979;  Eifeld,  1995;  Tonge,  1998)  

•  AgitaJon    •  Aggression  •  DisrupJve  behaviour  •  Self-­‐injurous  behaviour  •  A  significant  change  in  funcJon  (loss  of  interests,  withdrawal  from  family,  etc.)  

•  School  expulsion  and/or  an  inability  to  leave  the  home.    

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PrevenJon  

•  The  most  effecJve  way  to  manage  challenging  behaviours  is  to  try  prevenJng  them  from  happening  rather  than  just  focusing  on  what  to  do  when  or  aLer  the  behaviour  occurs.    

•  Learn  skills  to  help  anJcipate  and  turn  around  an  escalaJng  situaJon.  

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PosiJve  Behaviour  Support  Approach  

•  Consider  the  purpose  or  ‘why’  of  the  behaviour  

•  Focus  on  prevenJng  the  behaviour  from  happening  by  avoiding  or  changing  the  circumstances  that  trigger  the  behaviour  

•  Teach  new  behaviours  or  skills  to  replace  the  challenging  behaviour    

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What  purpose  (or  FuncJon)  does  challenging  behaviour  serve?  

•  All  behaviour  happens  for  a  reason  •  Health  problems  -­‐  may  cause  challenging  behaviour  or  make  

it  worse.    •  Common  reasons  are:  

–  Interact  with  someone  –  Social  aNenJon:  e.g.  shouJng  –  To  get  something:  A  person  may  learn  behaviours  that  get  them  things  they  want.  

–  Escape  or  avoid  a  demand/  request/  situaJon/  object/  person    –  Sensory:  to  get/  avoid  sensory  sJmulaJon  i.e.  rocking,  humming  –  Get  some  control  or  predictability  over  their  day  or  the  acJvity  –  Reduce  their  arousal  and  or  anxiety.  

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FuncJonal  Assessment  •  To  find  out  the  exact  causes  of  a  person’s  behaviour  

•  Keep  a  record:  1.  DescripJon  of  the  behaviour  i.e.  exactly  what  

happens            2.  Early  warning  signs,  e.g.  becoming  red  in  the  face            3.  What  happens  before  the  behaviour,  e.g.  does  

something  trigger  the  behaviours?  Noisy  environment?  Being  told  no?  etc.    

4.  What  happens  aLer  the  event,  i.e.  what  is  the  person  gejng  or  not  gejng  from  the  behaviour  that  makes  them  do  it  again?  

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Have  a  Crisis  Plan  

•  PreparaJon  and  strategies  for  coping  and  staying  safe  in  these  situaJons    

•  To  be  developed  by  family  &  the  treaJng  team  

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A  well-­‐designed  plan  includes    1.  Defined  sejng  events,  triggers  or  signs  that  a  crisis  situaJon  

might  develop    2.  Tools  and  strategies  for  keeping  the  individual  and  those  

around  him  safe  in  any  sejng  (school,  home,  community)  3.  IntervenJon  steps  and  procedures  promoJng  de-­‐escalaJon  

that  are  paired  at  each  level  with  increasing  levels  of  agitaJon  4.  Lists  of  things  to  do  and  NOT  to  do  specific  to  the  needs,  

history  &  fears  of  the  individual  5.  Hands  on  training  and  pracJce  for  caregivers  6.  ConJnued  re-­‐evaluaJon  of  the  effecJveness  of  the  plan  7.  Knowledge  of  facility  if  hospitalizaJon  needed  8.  Maintain  safety  first  and  foremost.  This  is  not  the  Jme  to  

teach,  make  demands,  or  to  shape  behavior.  10  

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Ways  to  Calm  an  EscalaJng  SituaJon    •  Be  on  alert  for  triggers  and  warning  signs.    •  Try  to  reduce  stressors  by  removing  distracJng  elements,  going  

to  a  less  stressful  place  or  providing  a  calming  acJvity  or  object.    •  Remain  calm,  as  his  behavior  is  likely  to  trigger  emoJons  in  you.  •  Be  gentle  and  paJent.  •  Give  him  space.  •  Provide  clear  direcJons  and  use  simple  language.  •  Focus  on  returning  to  a  calm  state  by  allowing  Jme  in  a  quiet,  

relaxaJon-­‐promoJng  acJvity.  •  Praise  aNempts  to  self-­‐regulate  and  the  use  of  strategies  such  as  

deep  breathing.  •  Discuss  the  situaJon  or  teach  alternate  and  more  appropriate  

responses  once  calm  has  been  achieved.  11  

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In  the  midst  of  a  Crisis  SituaJon    

•  Remain  as  calm  as  possible  •  Assess  the  severity  of  the  situaJon  •  Follow  the  Crisis  Plan  and  focus  on  safety  •  Determine  whom  to  contact    •  Dial  999  for  an  emergency  

•  Remember:  this  is  not  a  ‘teachable’  moment.  

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•  Consider  the  safety  of  your  child  &  those  around  them:  –  can  you  remove  your  child  from  the  situaJon  safely?  –  do  you  need  to  remove  yourself  and  other  family  members  from  the  room  or  situaJon?  

–  do  you  need  to  remove  items  from  the  environment  or  room  that  could  be  unsafe?  

•  Consider  the  language  you  use  with  your  child  to  avoid  escala7on:  –  avoid  talking  as  much  as  possible  (stressful  to  have  to  work  out  what  your  words  mean)  

–  Use  short,  simple  instrucJons  if  needed  (include  a  visual  clue  eg.  Opening  door  to  show  your  child  they  can  go  outside  to  calm)  

–  use  a  calm  even  voice.  13  

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•  Try  to  regain  calm  as  quickly  as  possible  by:  – What  will  help  the  child  calm  as  quickly  as  possible  (Jme  alone,  access  to  an  acJvity  or  item  he/she  likes  that  is  calming)  

– What  will  help  you  calm  as  quickly  as  possible  (leaving  the  room,  gejng  other  family  members  safe,  gejng  back-­‐up)  

–  Allow  lots  of  Jme  for  recovery  

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Challenges  for  Medical  Professionals  

•  Listen  to  the  caregiver  and  the  paJent  to  the  extent  possible.  They're  very  unique  in  how  they  interact.  

•  Do  not  think  that  we  know  beNer.  •  Aim  to  least  restricJve  care.  •  Family:  be  prepared  to  advocate  yourself  

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Physical  Restraints,  Seclusion  &  Rapid  TranquillizaJon    

•  When  behaviors  pose  a  risk  of  physical  harm  to  the  individual  or  others,  a  brief  intervenJon  are  someJmes  necessary  to  maintain  safety.    

•  Physical  restraints  -­‐  immobilizing  or  reducing  the  ability  of  an  individual  to  move  their  arms,  legs,  body  freely.    

•  Seclusion  -­‐  pujng  the  individual  briefly  in  a  room  by  himself  to  ‘calm  down’.  

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Physical  Restraints,  Seclusion  &  Rapid  TranquillizaJon  (cont)  

•  As  last  resort  and  when  less  restricJve  methods  are  not  effecJve  or  feasible.    

•  Improper  use  can  have  serious  consequences  physically  and  emoJonally  

•  Must  take  place  within  the  legal  framework  ie.  Consent  or  Mental  Health  Act    

 

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Rapid  TranquillizaJon  

•  The  aim  is  to  achieve  a  state  of  calm  sufficient  to  minimize  the  risk  posed  to  the  individual  or  to  others.    

•  Rapid  tranquillisaJon  with  intramuscular  or  intravenous  injecJons  should  only  be  used  in  healthcare  sejngs  with  appropriate  resuscitaJons  need.  

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Assessment  • History  • Previous  hx  of  anJpsychoJc?  

Non-­‐drug  approach  

• de-­‐escalaJon  techniques,  e.g.  talking  down,  distracJon,  Jme  out    

•  Inform  paJent/  carer  re  medicaJon  

Oral  • Lorazepam  0.5  -­‐  2mg  • Olanzapine  Zydis  2.5  mg  –  5mg  • Risperidone  0.5  –  1mg  

IV/IM  •  (Lorazepam)  • Midazolam  2.5  –  15  mg  • Haloperidol  2.5  –  10  mg  

Monitoring  &  Nursing  

• Vital  signs  • Low  sJmulus  environment  

Repeat   • Wait  at  least  30  minutes  

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Maudley  Guideline,  2012,  Byrne,  2012;    Heyman  2003;  NICE  2006  

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De-­‐escalaJon  •  Maintain  adequate  distance.  Respect  personal  space  

•  Do  not  be  provocaJve.  •  Ensure  the  environment  is  conducive  for  calmness.  

•  Be  calm  &  self-­‐assured,  use  non-­‐threatening,  non-­‐verbal  communicaJon.  

•  Be  concise,  use  repeJJon.  •  Explained  intenJon,  set  clear  limits.  •  Offer  choices    

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The  Use  of  MedicaJon    

•  Aimed  at  target  symptoms  eg.  to  achieve  state  of  calm;  paJent  will  hit  others  less  frequently;  psychoJc  symptoms;  irritability  

•  Comprehensive  assessment  of  the  individual's  emoJonal  and  behavioural  disturbance  and  assessment  of  the  efficacy  of  all  previous  modes  of  treatment.    

•  Issue  of  informed  consent  &  legal  maNer  •  Should  be  integrated  with  other  concurrent  treatments.  MedicaJon  alone  to  is  not  sufficient.  

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The  Use  of  MedicaJon  (cont)  

•  SomeJmes  unrealisJc  demands  to  solve  the  problem  by  prescribing  medicaJon.  

•  Children  with  developmental  issues  are  more  vulnerable  for  side-­‐effects.  

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Pharmacotherapy  

•  Risperidone  -­‐  effecJve  and  well  tolerated  for  the  treatment  of  agitaJon,  aggression,  or  self-­‐injurious  behavior  in  children  with  ASD  (McCracken  

2002,  Davies  2006)  &  ID  (Unwin  2011,  DeDyn  2006)  •  Aripiprazole  is  effecJve  for  irritability  in  children  with  ASD  (Ching,  2012)  

•  Off-­‐label  use:  QueJapine,  Olanzapine,  Paliperidone  (Golubchik  2011,  SJgler  2012,  Hollander  2010)  

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Pharmacotherapy  (cont)  

•  SSRI  ie  sertraline,  fluvoxamine  :  comorbid  depression,  OCD,  anxiety  (Hellings  1996,  Campbell  1995)  

•  Benzodiazepines  :  short  term,  anxiety.  Paradoxical  effect  (Barron,  1985)  

•  Valproate  :  mood  lability,  irritability,  aggression  (Kastner  1990)  

•  SJmulant  :  comorbid  ADHD  (Arnold  1998,  Handen  1999)    

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Causes  of  ID  &  Behaviour  PaNern  

•  Cause  of  a  child’s  intellectual  disability  can  provide  informaJon  on:  – Strengths  and  weaknesses  – Can  provide  informaJon  on  what  types  of  behaviour  and  emoJonal  difficulJes  child  may  present.  

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Causes  of  ID  &  Behaviour  PaNern  Fragile  X   •  DistracJble,  impulsive,  overacJve,  short  aNenJon  span  

•  Anxious,  shy,  poor  eye  contact  •  Anxiety  may  present  as  tantrums  •  Hand  flapping,  sound  /  light  sensiJviJes,  sensiJvity  to  touch  

•  Changes  in  rouJne  -­‐  problemaJc  •  DifficulJes  with  crowds,  new  situaJons  –  can  be  overwhelming  

Down  syndrome    

•  Typically  fewer  emoJonal  and  behavioural  problems  compared  to  other  children  with  ID  –  but  sJll  higher  rates  than  typically  developing  children  

•  InaNenJon,  hyperacJvity  •   Stubborn  •  Depression   26  

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Causes  of  ID  &  Behaviour  PaNern  AuJsm  Spectrum  Disorder  

•  High  levels  of  behaviour  and  emoJonal  problems  •  DisrupJve  behaviour  –  eg  tantrums,  aggression,  abusive,  noisy,  impaJent,  stubborn  

•  Anxiety    •  DifficulJes  with  change  in  rouJne  and  surroundings    •  Symptoms  of  depression    •  InaNenJon,  impulsivity,  hyperacJvity  •  Social  difficulJes    

Prader  Willi  syndrome  

•  Hyperphagia  -­‐  extreme  unsaJsfied  drive  to  consume  food  •  Food  foraging  /  obsession  with  food    •  Increased  appeJte,  weight  control  issues  •  Temper  tantrums,  opposiJonal,  argumentaJve  •  Stealing,  lying,  stubborn,  rigid,  possessive  •  Obsessive/compulsive  behaviour  •  Skin  picking    •  Impulsivity   27  

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Causes  of  ID  &  Behaviour  PaNern  Williams  syndrome    

•  Friendly,  outgoing,  loquacious  •  Short  aNenJon  span  and  distracJbility  •  Difficulty  modulaJng  emoJons  -­‐  extreme  excitement  when  happy  

•  Tearfulness  in  response  to  apparently  mild  distress    •  Terror  in  response  to  apparently  mildly  frightening  events  

•  Heightened  sensiJvity  to  sounds  (hyperacusis)    •  PerseveraJng  on  certain  favourite  conversaJonal  topics  

•  Anxiety,  difficulJes  with  changes  in  rouJnes  /  schedules  

•  DifficulJes  building  friendships  

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Thank  you