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STEPS Centre ‘Pathways Methods’
helping appreciate alternative pathways
Andy StirlingSPRU & STEPS Centre
University of Sussex
presentation to conference session on Nexus Methods ESRC Methods Festival
University of Bath5th July 2016
www.steps-centre.org/www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/www.multicriteriamapping.com www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/people/peoplelists/person/7513
Conventional Risk-Based Politicsincumbent ‘sound science’ and ‘pro-innovation’ control political space
specific tech technological ‘lock-in’
risk regulation
‘closed down’ politics
risk
Opt
ions single ‘best’ / ‘optimal’ /
most ‘legitimate’ decisions
risk
presumed benefits case-by-case focus narrow remits aggregated attention regulatory capture technocratic procedures
narrow assessment
knowledge economy
$IIIIII
€
Conventional Innovation Policyincumbent ‘sound science’ and ‘pro-innovation’ control political space
possible paths
multiple feasible
Innovation trajectories
choice discourse
risk
optio
ns
pers
pect
ive
ss
plural conditional recommendations
dissensus processessceptical politics
catalyse, not suppress, democracy
risk
neglected issues excluded values alternative pathways ignored uncertainties marginalised interests precautionary principle
Sustainability
innovation democracy
“letting go”
diversity, discontinuity, experiment
risk
“broadening out” “opening up”
Opening Up Space for More Democratic Struggle
possible paths
multiple feasible
Innovation trajectories
choice discourse
risk
optio
ns
pers
pect
ive
ss
riskSustainability
innovation democracy
risk
“broadening out”
“opening up”
METHODS catalyse, provoke & help enable more open
political space
Opening Up Space for More Democratic Struggle
Help Appreciate Alternative Pathways
Overall Aims
Help Appreciate Alternative Pathways
Overall Aims
Method alone can’t do whole job: also involves encompassing process
Help Appreciate Alternative Pathways
Method underpins both understanding and judgement; knowledge and action
Method alone can’t do whole job: also involves encompassing process
Overall Aims
Help Appreciate Alternative Pathways
Method underpins both understanding and judgement; knowledge and action
Critical focus on alternatives: reflecting and favouring marginal interests
Method alone can’t do whole job: also involves encompassing process
Overall Aims
STEPS Methodology:
An ordered repertoire of conditionally-appropriate methods
Help Appreciate Alternative Pathways
Method underpins both understanding and judgement; knowledge and action
Critical focus on alternatives: reflecting and favouring marginal interests
Repertoires: sensitive to context, positioning and plural views and pathways
Method alone can’t do whole job: also involves encompassing process
Overall Aims
Intervention histories / futures - narratives, interventions, futures
Innovation histories - deep history, broad of innovation
Deliberative / Multicriteria mapping - values, knowledges, pathways
Open Space Technology - diversity, passion, responsibility
Participatory Impact Pathways Analysis - planning, monitoring, impacts
Participatory Rural Appraisal - empowering marginal voices
Participatory Scenarios - alternative views of drivers of change
Photovoice - participants is the researcher
Q Method - makes contrasting discourses visible
Scientometric Mapping - makes research more accountable
Sensitivity Analysis - destabilises technocratic modelling
Sociotechnical Imaginaries - pluralises foundations for politics
System Histories - grounded contrasts in system frames
Some Indicative Examples
ENGAGE ACTORS
help appreciate alternative pathwaysBASIC STEPS
EXPLORE NARRATIVES
CHARACTERISE DYNAMICS
REVEAL STRATEGIES
ENGAGE ACTORS
help appreciate alternative pathwaysBASIC STEPS
EXPLORE NARRATIVES
CHARACTERISE DYNAMICS
REVEAL STRATEGIES
A: ENGAGE ACTORS - together:1: review relevant histories2: analyse associated networks 3: snowball salient interests4: prioritise most marginal5: examine power relations6: identify basic pathway visions 7: be alert for hidden plurality8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCE
Looking at alternative pathways for agricultural livelihoods around Sakai and
Mmbasu in East & West Provinces of KenyaInvolving STEPs with
African Centre for Technology Studies
Centre for African Bio-Entrepreneurship
Tegemeo Institute, Egerton Universityimages and results courtesy of John Thompson, et al, STEPS
A: ENGAGE ACTORS - together:1: review relevant histories2: analyse associated networks 3: snowball salient interests4: prioritise most marginal5: examine power relations6: identify basic pathway visions 7: be alert for hidden plurality8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCEA: ENGAGE ACTORS - together:1: review relevant histories2: analyse associated networks 3: snowball salient interests4: prioritise most marginal5: examine power relations6: identify basic pathway visions 7: be alert for hidden plurality8: seek critical feedback
Scoping interviewsHistoric panel data
Trends analysis Rapid rural appraisals
Focus groupsKey informant
interviews
Disaggregate gender, wealth, productivity Focus on
5 “low potential” villages (Sakai)also 3 “high potential” villages (Mmbasu)
B: EXPLORE NARRATIVES1: review relevant histories2: elicit notions of systems3: explore related framings4: address Sustainability values5: scope possible pathways6: review aspects of incertitude7: differentiate perspectives8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCEExplore framings: particularly ideas about ‘resilience’, ‘innovation’ and ‘pathways‘ Test concepts in relation to environmental change and maize in Kenya
B: EXPLORE NARRATIVES1: review relevant histories2: elicit notions of systems3: explore related framings4: address Sustainability values5: scope possible pathways6: review aspects of incertitude7: differentiate perspectives8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCE
Low Maize High Maize
Low-ExternalInput
High-ExternalInput
B: EXPLORE NARRATIVES1: review relevant histories2: elicit notions of systems3: explore related framings4: address Sustainability values5: scope possible pathways6: review aspects of incertitude7: differentiate perspectives8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCE
Low Maize High Maize
Low-ExternalInput
High-ExternalInput
C CHARACTERISE DYNAMICS:1: review relevant histories2: explore challenges/opportunities3: scrutinise likely shocks/stresses4: look at actors’ strength/weakness5: examine decision/branch points6: identify winners/losers7: attend to issues of power/politics 8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCE
Alternative dryland staples for subsistence
Alternative dryland staples for market
Local improvement of local maizeAssisted seed multiplication of maize
Assisted seed multiplication of alternative dryland staples
Individual high-value crop commercialization
Group-based high-value crop commercialization
Commercial delivery of new DT maize varieties
Public delivery of new DT maize varieties
C CHARACTERISE DYNAMICS:1: review relevant histories2: explore challenges/opportunities3: scrutinise likely shocks/stresses4: look at actors’ strength/weakness5: examine decision/branch points6: identify winners/losers7: attend to issues of power/politics 8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCE
pathways served as starting point for opening up the discussion with farmers, scientists and policy makers on:
Diversity of pathways in and out of maizeRelevant criteria for choosing one pathway over another
Alternative visions of the future and institutional support arrangements
REVEAL STRATEGIES
D: REVEAL POLITICAL ACTIONS1: review relevant histories2: confirm key protagonists3: explore forms of agency4: define possible interventions 5: identify coping strategies6: examine possible responses7: establish accountabilities8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCE
Quantitative and qualitative data from multicriteria mapping
Interviews and group discussions prompted by this process
REVEAL STRATEGIES
D: REVEAL POLITICAL ACTIONS1: review relevant histories2: confirm key protagonists3: explore forms of agency4: define possible interventions 5: identify coping strategies6: examine possible responses7: establish accountabilities8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCE
REVEAL STRATEGIES
D: REVEAL POLITICAL ACTIONS1: review relevant histories2: confirm key protagonists3: explore forms of agency4: define possible interventions 5: identify coping strategies6: examine possible responses7: establish accountabilities8: seek critical feedback
KENYA MAIZE RESILIENCE
Pathways Out of Maize: Orphans or Siblings?Performance rankings for different groups of stakeholders shows a
surprising amount of optimism about alternative dryland staple crops, especially under a set of stress tolerance criteria
Pathways in Maize: Sakai farmer performance rankings show a preference for local
maize, not new maize
broadening out
opening up
STEPS Methodology A framework for balancing power and making space for political action
to help build alternative pathways